Barbara Kruger Art History Archive - 1398 Words

According to the Art History Archive, Barbara Kruger is an American conceptual artist born in Newark, New Jersey in 1945. She attended Syracuse University in 1964 where her interests in graphic design, poetry, and writing developed. A year later, Kruger moved to New York and attended Parsons School of Design where she was exposed to the creative spheres of photography, fashion, and editorial design. In 1966, she left Parsons to work for Condà © Nast Publications and soon after began to work at Mademoiselle magazine where she was promoted to head designer. Throughout her professional career, Kruger worked as a graphic designer, art director, and picture editor for various publications including House and Garden and Aperture. Kruger’s†¦show more content†¦The red text box is the focal point of the work and takes up about one-fourth of the composition. Barbara Kruger’s Untitled (I Shop Therefore I Am) is a visually simple but bold work that evokes postmodern themes including media, popular culture, and consumer cultures. The daring and aggressive red text box draws the viewer’s eye directly to the bold phrase in white font. â€Å"Kruger reformulated Renà © Descartes’ philosophical proposition of cognitive existence, ‘I think therefore I am’, into a motto for the hyper-ventilated acquisitive world of the 1980s boom time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Engberg). Descartes’ theory implies that as long as an individual is simply thinking there is an active engagement that is occurring that justifies a meaningful existence. Thus, thinking gives substance to an individual’s life. By replacing the word â€Å"think† with the word â€Å"shop† Kruger is making a social commentary on society’s shift from cognitive value to material value and exposes the tie between consumer culture and per sonal identity. We are no longer defined by what we think but by what we buy; as a result, our culture has become so overwhelmed with materialism that people have become more reliant on the products that they buy and the materials that they own to define who they are. The contrasting themes of intellectual value versus material value in Kruger’s work instigates the viewer toShow MoreRelatedThe Collection Of Artefacts And Material Culture And Design1877 Words   |  8 Pages VSAR 3017 Indigenous Art, Culture and Design Journal Lecture: August 15, 2014 The collection of artefacts and material culture of Aboriginal people have not always been understood and referred to as art. In a way, museums and avid institutions in the nineteenth century have been seen as institutions of control, ordering and organising knowledge about people and put them inside a particular framework in order for them to be understood. Images and tools andRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesNikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management:

Chapter Reviewing the Facts Free Essays

Of course, It Isn’t always pleasant to hear active comments about what we are doing. Sometimes our feelings get hurt, our ego Is wounded, or the feedback strikes us as, well, stupid. That said; let’s consider a shift In our perspective. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter Reviewing the Facts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Feedback Is a form of coaching. When we work with a coach, he or she Is constantly giving us negative feedback-?and we appreciate It. A golf coach, for example, will correct the way you hold or swing the club and you’re delighted to get the negative feedback. In fact, you pay for all these â€Å"complaints. † Dissatisfaction happens. What we choose to do about it can make all the difference in reading customer and employee loyalty. To do something about dissatisfaction, we need to know when it is happening-?we need to get the silently dissatisfied customer to speak up by creating open communication channels. (Customer Service: Career Success through customer Loyalty) Chapter 9-Reviewing the Facts 2. – What are the three important steps needed to recover the potentially lost customer? The first step consists of both apology and accountability. Say, â€Å"I’m sorry,† and take ownership of a mistake, even if it’s because of supplier or other problems. Next, work with the customer to determine an appropriate remedy. This involves the customer in the resolution and sometimes uncovers less costly solutions. Resolution should not only address a customer’s direct loss but also compensate â€Å"pain and suffering. † Some refer to such compensation as â€Å"atonement. † Manage expectations with resolution schedules. In one Citibank experiment, specifying time frames for next steps increased customer satisfaction by 40%. Finally, follow-up. Determine whether the customer has received the promised treatment, and, more important, how they feel about it. One study indicated that a follow-up call to a once-unhappy customer can boost satisfaction by 5%-7%, and intentions to repurchase by 8%-12%. The second level is building integrated customer recovery capabilities In the following four areas: Companies must do more to upgrade the skills, training and pay of customer service representatives, especially since they handle an estimated 65% of all complaints. Other employees must also understand the Importance of customer retention. Ford trains new hires In such recovery skills as Interpersonal communications. Others regularly rotate employees Into customer service to underscore the Impact of departmental processes on customers. How much authority do employees have to recover customers? Employees at Marriott International, for example, can spend up to $2,500 without authorization to compensate customers. What are the timetables for resolution? Brothels Airways research showed that of customers defected if it took the company longer than five days to respond want level AT complaints trigger corrective Acton? Can any employee handle recovery, or should you depend on special representatives trained for customer recovery? Customers should be easily able to complain via email, letter or even well-publicized hot lines. Systems should streamline complaint acceptance, and generate complaint-based reports. Insurance giant USA scans every complaint letter into its database. Causes for the complaint are analyzed, and processes examined to avoid similar complaints in the future. To institutionalize improvements, systems should be developed to hold other departments accountable for their actions. Complaint data should also be used to determine investment priorities and service improvements. (Small Business Resources – How to Recover Lost Customers) How to cite Chapter Reviewing the Facts, Papers

Accounting in Global Business Organization-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Challenges of Accounting in Global Organizations. Answer: Introduction In the 21st century, the uncertainty in the accounting scenario especially in the global business organizations has grown to a large extent. This poses a number of challenges before the entities since it has a direct impact on their ability to maximize their profit earning capacity. These intense challenges arise due to the rapidly changing business environment and the key organizational factors that operate inside it. Here the key challenges have been illustrated that arise in the financial and accounting scenario so that the readers can understand the strategies adopted by concerns to tackle such demanding conditions on the global platform (Adams, 2013). It is vital for the business firms that operate in the unpredictable global scenario to take into consideration the various factors that influence the accounting environment such as globalization, control issues, technological changes, internal modifications, etc so that the underlying intention of the new business strategies can be understood in a simpler manner (Abbott, Green Keohane, 2016). The key area that has been covered here includes the key accounting challenges of some of the important global organizations. Project Objective The primary objective of the project is to identify the key challenges that arise in the path of the global organizations due to which they have to act in an agile manner and perform their business operations in a careful way. It would basically help to understand how some firms succeed to modify their operations and sustaining in the unpredictable business environment. Project Scope The scope of the project work is pretty wide since it focuses on the global organizations and the challenges faced by such concerns due to the changes that are taking place in the business environment. At the same time the topic has been narrowed down to three multinational organizations so that the exact challenges that arise in the path of the businesses can be understood in the easiest way possible (Antrs, 2013). Literature Review The literature review is an important section of the activity since it fundamentally makes an attempt to focus on the key accounting challenges that arise in the path of a number of global organizations so that the readers can understand the significance of analysing the business environment that influence the global firms to make changes in their functional aspects as per their requirements (Barnes, et al., 2014). Key accounting challenges in global organizations Reporting model Business challenges arise in different form and one of the key challenges that arise in front of businesses is due to the accounting aspects. It is essential to understand that the technique adopted to follow the financial reporting process varies all around the globe. The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) that is followed differs among nations and it can be divided into 2 categories the extent to which IFRS is allowed to impact the reporting structure of firms and the extent to which the practices stated in the IFRS differ in along the national lines (Brown Dillard, 2014). A number of blue-chip companies such as Wipro, which is a leading global IT, consulting and business services concern have tried their level best to align their accounting standards adopted by their business to the IFRS so that they can a healthy transition from Indian GAAP to IFRS. Even though Indian GAAP is quite similar to IFRS but still it is not exactly same since the global financial reporting is quite different and asks the business to disclose a number of facts and estimates in the business environment (Busco, 2014). A number of challenges also arise in the legal and regulatory framework of the business concern due to which the business has to focus on amending the prevailing model so that it can adapt to IFRS. Another vital reporting challenge faced by a number of MNCs would be the detail relating to the foreign currency exchange rate at which the business transaction needs to be translated so that the inclusion of the same can be done in the financial statements of the undertaking. This shows that many global organizations face a number of challenges in their reporting aspects of the business (Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis, 2015). Comparative accounting In the prevailing global environment, the accounting standards that are followed by the business organizations has a major role to play since it has an impact on the financial performance of the business concern on the global platform. Over the past years, a number of research studies have been conducted that focus on the factors that bring about difference in accounting model of businesses it is known as comparative accounting. In the paper Accounting in the global environment author M. Gaffikin has stated that a number of elements such as legal system, culture, language, religion, etc have got an impact on the accounting model that is followed by business undertakings in the global business environment (Gaffikin, 2008). One of the factors that pose challenges is culture since no one has exactly been able to define the term and it has different meaning for different individuals and business entities (Depledge, 2013). The comparative accounting cannot depend entirely on the cultural dimensions and it must involve a broader scope to have a significant meaning that can be understood. Due to the rapid changes that are taking place in the business scenario due to globalization, businesses face challenges to identify the exact accounting policies and procedures that will be beneficial for their business and its operations as a whole (Downey Bedard, 2015). Due to the presence of undefined elements in the accounting aspects of the business activities, a number of concerns fail to implement the most appropriate accounting regulations that can be beneficial for the business concern (Geppert, Matten Williams, 2016). Developing of new business Another key challenge that is faced by business concerns in the global environment relates to the formulation of key business ideas to introduce new model of business. The changes that have been taking place in the business environment on the global platform demotivate the entrepreneurs to conceptualize new business ideas since the complexity associated with it further gives rise to a number of financial accounting and management accounting challenges (Held, 2013). Due to the intense competition that exists in the international industrial scenario, a number of global businesses feel pressurized to introduce new business ideas because they fear that it might fail due to the strict accounting policies that need to be adopted to carry out the business activities (Klverpris Mueller, 2013). Thus in the global marketing scenario, the newly evolving changes in the accounting model deter business concerns to exploit the business situation since they feel the organic growth will be limited, which could have an adverse impact on the overall objective and performance of the business undertaking (Lisak Erez, 2015). Some key issues are inflation accounting, differences in the multinational taxation system on the global platform, determination of the income tax as well as the indirect tax model like VAT, withholding tax, etc. It is important for global business concerns to be well prepared before entering the international market since otherwise it can lead to disappointing outcome and detract its business efforts in the domestic marketing scenario as well. In order to protect the effort, time and financial resources, the businesses that wish to operate in the global market platform need to analyze the market scenario in the best way possible so that all the challenges can be identified in the most effective way and necessary strategic plans can be created and implemented so that the businesses can transform their business idea into a reality and make a strong global presence in the marketing scenario (McGann, 2015). Example In the shipping and logistic sector, all the accounting aspects especially the taxation and legal models should be understood. Technology Issues Most of the assessments s regarding challenges in accounting considers technological issues as one of the top issues for the multinational companies. This is bets comprehended as the struggle for keeping up with the new, evolving and innovative technological requirements and the expectations of the associated clients (Milne Gray, 2013). Mostly the common challenges in the any multinational company multiply rich and favorable opportunities. This is mostly relevant in the case of the financial and accounting sectors. For an instance, the multinational companies which leverage the power of creating marketing automation and associate it to the categorized insights of the experts obtain the opportunity for differentiating themselves. It is very precise as the field as a unit is striving with technology that using it in a successful manner can be very effective. Dealing with the Demands and expectations of the clients Dealing with the expectations and demands of the clients represent a challenge that is of high priority for mostly 29 percent of the multinational companies. The clients expect stellar service and to be more specific, they do expect for having their issues resolved. The significance of these expectations is very important and it definitely tales a whole lot of attention firm themanagement for ensuring that the satisfaction level of the clients are met efficiently (Reinalda, 2013). In the case of Wal-Mart, the company has a record of facing big issues and challenges regarding its accounting and financial obligations in the country of China. After many years of heralding the country as one among its best markets, the retail company stated that its performance in China was the worst in the history of the company. This was completely due to the unresolved accounting issues (Rinaldi, Unerman Tilt, 2014). This resulted into the scale up of the management of the retail stores and the cutting down of jobs thereafter. Inspite of the appearance of the reversals to be abrupt the gaps in the foundation of the retail business of Wal-Mart in China have been evolving for many years, which is hidden by the questionable unauthorized practices of sales and accounting which was stated by the employees of the company themselves. The accounting practices included certain sales that were allegedly booked in the case when no merchandise left the stores shelves. This resulted in mak ing the business to appear very strong even in the case where there was significant slow done in the transactions of the retail along with the pilling up of the unsold inventory. This was verified by the authorized documents and people of the company itself (Seo, 2013). The retail company itself stated that it was not happy with the growth of the inventory on an international level. The retail stores in China, at present continue to make huge sales which are sometimes very unprofitable and are made without any authorization of management which was stated by the employees of the retail company who left their service. Huge concerns regarding the accounting issues and bulk sales that cropped in were raised back in the companys internal report of 2011 which was obtained through the email of an internal company and the interview of the former employees by the lawyers. Both the interviews and reports with the former and current employees state the Chinese stores of Wal-Mart ordered extens ive investigation under extreme pressure for meeting the targets of earnings, indulged in to markups of inventory that were temporary in nature as a move regarding accounting of the company which could furnish huge profits without any sort of additional sales of the merchandise. Right after the employees recognized discrepancies of inventory pricing in the year 2011, the senior leadership of Wal-Mart in China and United States had ordered for an extensive investigation which resulted in to different changes in the accounting and financial department of the company along with the leadership and disciplinary actions in the internal structure of the company (Sharp, 2014). This however, strengthened the compliance measures, regular audits and training in the company which was reported by Wal-Mart in its statements (Waters Rinsler, 2014). None of the accounting and financial challenges that were reviewed for the retails stores in China were determined to be of useful matter to the conso lidated accounting and financial conditions and outcomes of operations of Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart also did not happen to address the specific queries regarding issues and challenges associated with accounting and the changes in the leadership. It only stated regarding its bulk sales which are common in practice by the developing markets that are monitored and regulated on a regular basis and most part of it is comprised by the Chinese business. The bulk sales are recorded to provide a minimum of $243 million dollars in sales and the accounting of the markups ranged to a 4 percent of gross profits in the year of 2010 only, that too in the hypermarket stores which was investigated by Stanford Lin, who performed the internal review of the accounts of the company (Shyamsundar, 2013). The employees of Wal-Mart were unable to understand the reason behind the high prices which were significant even of for temporary basis., as they did not resonate with the regular strategy of low pricing that t he successors of Sam Walton along with him used for turning the five and-diem into the biggest retail chain in the world which has more than $500 billion as its annual sales. The markups had the pattern of unauthorized, unsustainable and unusual steps and deals in accounting with the rivals and suppliers which made the profits and sales appear to be very string than the underlying trends of retail in the stores. Due to these aspects, the business of Wal-Mart in China was getting worse on a continuous pattern inspite of the pronouncements to the contrary (Sioshansi, 2013). In the case of Tesco, the accounting challenge and issue is mostly regarding the recording revenue way too early. The deals that are done by Tesco with the suppliers which result in the payments back to the Tesco for almost a period of multi-year appear to have led in too much of the revenue which is being loaded and confronted at front instead of spreading it over the entire span of the deal. The auditors were responsible for the glitch which caused to the turmoil in the accounting and financial statements of the company (Timmer, et al., 2015). In accordance to the last audit report of Tesco, materiality was 150 million pounds and the auditors could not be blamed with no specific mistake in any year of more than 118 million pounds. In the concurrent accounting year, Tesco had overstated its profits in the first half of the year. It emerged that 145 million pounds of the error was from the prior years which completely denoted that the accounting of the company had issues in its previ ous years (Spence Rinaldi, 2014). This challenge that Tesco faced regarding obtaining of efficient accounting was the failure of the company in having a finance director for many weeks which resulted in weak internal control system over the accounting and financial statement (Sultan, 2014). Conclusion The attraction and development of the new clients is one of the most important aspect of business for any multinational business organizations in the world. As the needs , expectations and buying behavior of the clients evolve, the accounting and financial conditions of the multinational companies need to be competitive and sustainable so that clients can associated and collaborate with them for successful businesses. The accounting and marketing efforts must be in adapting the requirements of the clients alongside them. The multinational companies must make serious efforts to address all of these issues and challenges for having highly successful and strategic business. References Adams, C., 2013. Sustainability reporting and performance management in universities: Challenges and benefits.Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal,4(3), pp.384-392. Abbott, K.W., Green, J.F. and Keohane, R.O., 2016. Organizational ecology and institutional change in global governance.International Organization,70(2), pp.247-277. Antrs, P., 2013. GrossmanHart (1986) goes global: Incomplete contracts, property rights, and the international organization of production.The Journal of Law, Economics, Organization,30(suppl_1), pp.i118-i175. Barnes, A.J., Unruh, L., Chukmaitov, A. and van Ginneken, E., 2014. Accountable care organizations in the USA: types, developments and challenges.Health Policy,118(1), pp.1-7. Brown, J. and Dillard, J., 2014. Integrated reporting: On the need for broadening out and opening up.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1120-1156. Busco, C.A., 2014.Integrated reporting. Springer,. Clegg, S.R., Kornberger, M. and Pitsis, T., 2015.Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage. Depledge, J., 2013.The organization of global negotiations: Constructing the climate change regime. Earthscan. Downey, D.H. and Bedard, J.C., 2015. Coordination and communication challenges in global group audits. Geppert, M., Matten, D. and Williams, K. eds., 2016.Challenges for European management in a global context: Experiences from Britain and Germany. Springer. Gaffikin, M. J. (2008). Accounting theory: Research, regulation and accounting practice. Held, D., 2013.Global covenant: The social democratic alternative to the Washington consensus. John Wiley Sons. Klverpris, J.H. and Mueller, S., 2013. Baseline time accounting: considering global land use dynamics when estimating the climate impact of indirect land use change caused by biofuels.The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,18(2), pp.319-330. Lisak, A. and Erez, M., 2015. Leadership emergence in multicultural teams: The power of global characteristics.Journal of World Business,50(1), pp.3-14. McGann, J.G., 2015. 2014 Global Go To Think Tanks Index Report. Milne, M.J. and Gray, R., 2013. W (h) ither ecology? The triple bottom line, the global reporting initiative, and corporate sustainability reporting.Journal of business ethics,118(1), pp.13-29. Reinalda, B. ed., 2013.Routledge handbook of international organization. Routledge. Rinaldi, L., Unerman, J. and Tilt, C., 2014. The role of stakeholder engagement and dialogue within the sustainability accounting and reporting process.Sustainability accounting and accountability, pp.86-107. Seo, G., 2013.Challenges in implementing enterprise resource planning (ERP) system in large organizations: similarities and differences between corporate and university environment(Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Sharp, P.A., 2014. Meeting global challenges: discovery and innovation through convergence.Science,346(6216), pp.1468-1471. Shyamsundar, P., 2013. Accounting for natural wealthPractical challenges ahead.Environmental Development,7, pp.181-183. Sioshansi, F.P., 2013.Evolution of Global Electricity Markets: New paradigms, new challenges, new approaches. Academic Press. Spence, L.J. and Rinaldi, L., 2014. Governmentality in accounting and accountability: A case study of embedding sustainability in a supply chain.Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(6), pp.433-452. Sultan, N., 2014. Making use of cloud computing for healthcare provision: Opportunities and challenges.International Journal of Information Management,34(2), pp.177-184. Timmer, M.P., Dietzenbacher, E., Los, B., Stehrer, R. and Vries, G.J., 2015. An illustrated user guide to the world inputoutput database: the case of global automotive production.Review of International Economics,23(3), pp.575-605. Waters, D. and Rinsler, S., 2014.Global logistics: New directions in supply chain management. Kogan Page Publishers.