Analysis of “A letter to my mother” by Chenjerai Hove

The purpose of this text, which is a letter from a traveller home to his mother, is to inform her of his experiences on his travels, and is thought and feelings on this. The tone of the letter is largely one of nostalgia and suggestions of homesickness which can be seen in the many contrasting ways he portrays the way of life from his home in Africa to his new home in Norway. However the writer acknowledges that he has learned that travelling is a way to broaden one’s horizons and expand one’s mind so, but looks forward to the day he can return to his roots and share his experiences with his family. The tone of nostalgia is prevalent throughout this text, it even begins with the word ‘Remember’ which suggests that it is going to be a very reflective and personal piece. This is repeated again with reference to ‘memories’ of the way of life the writer has left behind, and the fondness with which he looks back on it. The fond recollections of home which are described in detail such as the way they view the weather, particularly the rain as something which is to be ‘celebrated’ because it ‘gives life to people, plants and animals’. This stands in stark contrast to the way in which Norwegian regard this type of weather. ‘Have not stopped cursing the weather’ shows that they see it as the opposite of the blessing that those who live in Africa see it as. This is again emphasized when the writer treats the type of people who would have cursed the rain in his home as unnatural and evil. These people are a ‘witch who wishes that life should not be brought’, this shows how the local attitudes to the rain could not be more in opposition. This all works to show the writer’s nostalgic view of his home culture and longing to be there, with people he shares the same values with. The writer goes on to talk about the weather conditions of Norway that are new to him and how his inexperience of the ice and snow could possibly lead to real, physical harm. ‘A step on the ice is a potential disaster’, this shows that he could easily fall and cause harm to himself in this new and strange environment, which instantly contrasts with the experienced and graceful Norwegians who have been living in these conditions all their lives. ‘they float on it like Arabs’. The writer also goes on to show how the Norwegian use of the ice for entertainment or sporting purposes is completely alien and almost baffling to him. ‘they even run races and win competitions’ His astonishment is again emphasized by the use of a rhetorical question-‘can you imagine?’, this shows that using something which would be strange and dangerous for him in a competitive manner is bewildering and that he doesn’t quite feel like he fits in yet and that he is so far removed from the culture as to always be an outsider. Further contrasts are shown between the geographical differences of Norway and Africa are introduced by the phrase ‘by the way’ which suggests the writer’s excitement to tell his mother about a novel experience. ‘I forget you have never seen the sea’ this could be taken to be typical of all people of his place of origin, this would be something that they could consider exciting and opening up new ideas to them. This contrasts with the way Norwegian settlements re set out, they are all in coastal areas and gain much of their sustenance from the sea, ‘Norwegians are people of the sea’ and ‘it brings everything they want’, this suggests that while the sea and all it’s bounty are enough to make the local Norwegians happy and content, it does not seem to do so for the author, further alienating him from those round him. This is further emphasized by the Norwegian folk wisdom ‘if you don’t eat fish, like me, you are supposed to be miserable’ . The Norwegians would argue that he is unhappy because he does not eat fish, however the source of his unhappiness is more likely to be his homesickness and desire to be with those he misses. The writer becomes more upbeat towards the end, and begins to describe his thoughts as he looks towards the time when he can return home and share with his mother his experiences and all that he has learned. The use of the verb phrase ‘I hope’ shows that he is looking to that time in the future not with sadness but expectation, that it is something to look forward to. The repetition of the lexical item ‘Maybe’ gives the impression that the writer is uncertain but hopeful, and that he would like nothing more than to be able to return one day. The writer goes on to list the things that he one day hopes to return to do, ‘gaze at the beauty of that African moon’ this suggests that the African moon is unique and perhaps has some magical quality. This suggests that the writer would love to be able to be at home doing these things, but must continue his journey. The writer seems to acknowledge that it may be many years before he is able to return, ‘I may be older, but I will not have given up the idea of being young’ , this suggests that while the writer knows he will be away for years, he will never forget about his homeland and the people he left behind, and will one day return. The use of the lexical item ‘idea’ suggests that the writer considers that it doesn’t matter what age he has reached, as long as he does not feel old in himself then he will not be too old to continue his journey and to continue gaining knowledge. The writer finishes on a positive note, telling his mother how he is determined to carry on his quest to learn and for life experience ‘many streams to the river of knowledge’. This metaphor is describing knowledge as a river, which is constantly flowing, changing and heading somewhere new, just like he was when he left for Norway. The ‘stream’ which flows to the rivers is his path to this knowledge, one that he feels he must continue to travel. The writer is more forceful here than before, having often used the lexical item ‘maybe’ to which showed uncertainty but hopefulness, he now uses the verb phrase ‘ I know’ , this shows his mind has been made up that he shall not give in and come home yet just because he is unhappy. The noun phrase ‘other lads’ refers to his new home in Norway, which could be considered his classroom or learning grounds for his life lessons, but also suggests it could be anywhere in the world due to lands being plural, and that he may move on to somewhere new one day. All in all the writer uses various techniques to show the contrasts of his homeland to his new home, his homesickness and his desire to soldier on, to continue to gain new knowledge and life skills and experience.

Dramatic Technique in Death of a Salesman

Discuss the dramatic techniques in Death of a Salesman. From a technical point of view, Miller was welcomed by those involved in the practical craft of theatre. In his plays, we find challenge and convention, boldness and caution, daring technical experiment and poetic dialogues. In Death of a Salesman , his new dramatic techniques- unrealistic setting, music, lighting, etc. -all generated a sense of mutation of old forms and conventions. Death of a Salesman concentrates on Willy Loman, an exhausted middle aged salesman, who has failed to realize his dream of economic success and is presented as being on the verge of a nervous breakdown. Failure also engulfs his wife Linda and two sons-Biff and Happy. The play is divided into three main parts, act 1, act 2 and the requiem. Each section takes place in the present day (spring 1949). Act 1-night time Act 2-various times the next day Act 3-several days later The play is largely a representation of what takes place in his mind during the last two days of his life. In fact, Willy’s reminiscences allow us to understand what happened in the past, and why things are how they are now in the present day. Miller says: â€Å"The salesman image was from the beginning absorbed with the concept that nothing in life comes next but everything exists together and at the same time within us. † The story is told on two different levels. There is a public storyline (realistic) which begins late one night and ends twenty-four hours later. Parallel with this, there is the private storyline (non-realistic) inside Willy’s mind, which like our own minds, does not always work logically and chronologically but mixes up memories and imaginings with what is actually taking place in the present. Miller was interested in expressionism but didn’t want to abandon the conventions of realism. He used, like O Neill, a dramatic form that combined the subjectivity of expressionism with the illusion of objectivity afforded by realism. The firm reality of Ibsen’s method remained, but it was banded with the dream sequences or flashbacks of past life existing in the present. In All My Sons and Death of a Salesman, Miller adopts Ibsen’s ‘retrospective structure’ in which an explosive situation in the present is both explained and brought to a crisis by the gradual revelation of something which has happened in the past. In theatre, expressionism has been defined as a mode of writing and production in which the aim is to depict inner meaning rather than outward appearance. For writers, this may imply the use of poetic or stylized language and symbolic characterization. For producers, it implies the use of non-realistic scenery and effects. In expressionistic plays like â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, the following effects are likely to be used: 1) The action may flow without interruption from one time period to another. More than one time period may co-exist. In â€Å"Death of a Salesman† ,the audience see present and past action at the same time when Willy talks to Linda and sees the woman(past) in the same room, when he talks to Charley and Ben(his dead brother) at the same time. 2) The action may be presented as a dream or vision by one of the characters. In Death of a Salesman, this style is most obvious in the use of flashbacks or dream sequences . Much of the family’s history and past events are revealed through Willy’s flashbacks. This is done by narration, dream sequence and memories. All these scenes, in which we have flashbacks, start in the present and then the character only visible to Willy appear. Most of the flashbacks take place during the summer after Biff’s senior year at high school when all the problems began. Biff saw his father with another woman and lost faith in him. Before this, his father was a hero to him, now he is a fraud. These flashbacks explain the current conflict between father and son. We see the second flashback while Willy is playing card game with Charley. Here we see how the flashback appear gradually, usurping the present bit by bit . He is actually talking to the remembered Ben and the real Charlie simultaneously. When Charlie finally realizes that Willy is absent-minded, he makes an exit. Here we see Willy’s too much obsession of the past over present. Miller described Willy as literally at that terrible moment when the voice of the past is no longer distant but quite as loud as the voice of the present†. He didn’t see Willy’s internal sequences as flashbacks. Miller says, â€Å"There are no flashbacks in this play but only a mobile concurrency of past and present †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. because in his desperation to justify his life Willy Loman has destroyed the boundaries between now and then. † 3) The action may take place in more than one location simultaneously. In the kitchen when Willy starts talking to young Biff and Happy in the past, Linda enters the room and asks Willy about the car. 4) The Setting must be non-realistic or partly realistic. One part of the stage may be set with realistic scenery, such as the kitchen at Brooklyn in Death of a Salesman ,but this may have an empty open stage area in front of it into which a single piece of furniture or other item may be brought to suggest a location, or the area may be left empty and used for variety of purposes, such as:In the empty space, Howard Wheels on a table with his wire recorder and his office is rapidly set up. To create a restaurant, Happy and the waiter bring on the chair-table the garden at Brooklyn. The play’s setting contributes to the understanding of the theme. In Death of a Salesman, the realistic set is the backyard of a middle class family. We see Willy’s ‘small, fragile-seeming home’ with one dimensional roof, dwarfed by apartment blocks. Miller says: â€Å"An air of dream clings to the place, a dream rising out of reality†. The world outside Willy’s home seems oppressive and menacing, threatening to swallow up an economic failure like Willy. Here we see the use of stream of consciousness technique. The play begins and end in one basic setting, the Loman home and the flashbacks in stream of consciousness style presents Willy’s present dilemma that is closely connected to the past. Harold Clurman says: â€Å"The play dramatizes Willy’s recollection of the past, and at times switches from a literal presentation of his memory to imaginary and semi-symbolic representation of his thought. † Miller shows the contrast between Willy as a salesman and Willy as a man. Willy does not actually go back to the past. It is the past, as in a hallucination, that comes back to him. Each time when he is frustrated, guilty or accused by his sons, he will be in a dream and the past appears in his mind. It shows Willy’s unconscious desire to avoid pain and to repair the bitterness, frustrations and humiliations of daily life at the present. In order to use this technique more smoothly, Miller chooses Linda and Charley, to present the whole, complete Willy: what he was, what he is, and what he will be. Broken biff says, â€Å"Will you let me go for Christ’s sake? Will you take that phony dream and burn it before something happens? † The time shifts in the setting shows Willy’s stream of consciousness. The set is designed to minimize the boundaries between past and present. When we see Willy’s present, the characters follow the rules of stage direction, entering only through the stage door to the left. When Willy visits his past, the characters openly move through walls. As Willy’s mental state deteriorates, the boundaries between past and present are destroyed and the two start to exist in parallel. So the stage setting expresses Willy’s divided consciousness as the reality of the house walls can be breached. The transparency of the setting represents the fragility of Willy’s hold on reality. Miller sees Willy as living â€Å"at the terrible moment when the voice of the past is no longer distant but quite as loud as the voice of the present. † Miller uses the lighting so that the scenes could change much faster and without the actors leaving the stage. The lighting reflects the basic mood of each act and shows the ‘mobile concurrency of past and present’. It keeps moving from one scene to another scene-The light on Willy and Linda‘s bedroom fades down when the scene ends and the light comes up on the boys bedroom for another scene. ‘A blue light of sky’ falls upon the house. The surrounding area shows ‘an angry glow of orange’, symbolizing the anger of the helpless middle class people in a money minded society. The light in past scenes is brighter than the present scene. It means that past was far better for Willy than present. In an expressionistic drama, music and light might be used to indicate a character’s state of mind. Here music is a contrivance for the dissolution of time and distance limitations. Biff and Happy, dressed in high school football sweaters, are accompanied with the ‘gay music of the boys’. The melody of flute at the beginning evokes the spacious area of old west, where Willy’s father, an inventor, sold flutes . It symbolizes a lost freedom and a lost ideal. When Willy claims to be ‘tired to the death’, the flute fades away, as if unable to cope with the pain of Willy. When Willy commits suicide, Miller says: â€Å"As the car speeds off, the music crashes down in a frenzy of sound, which becomes the soft pulsation of a single cello’s string. † By using the form of confession, Miller makes us think about, who is to blame? Why is biff at the age of thirty four a failure? Why biff and happy still wonder? Symbolism is another feature of expressionism. Linda’s mending of stocking, flute song displaced by childish nonsense from a wire recorder, wife’s praise erased by a whore’s laughter etc, are some beautiful symbols. Willy, the symbol of average American citizen, is trapped by the money-grabbing American society. The planting of seeds symbolize Willy’s meaningless attempt to leave something positive for his sons. One athletic trophy symbolizes the fragment of Loman family’s dream. Here we see that the real characters like Biff, Happy, and Charley can’t fulfill Willy’s expectations. On the other hand, the imaginary presences or the characters from the past are ideal, heroic figures who embody Willy’s unfulfilled dream. Here we see subjective characterization. We find a strong imagery when Willy says, â€Å"the woods are burning. † Willy's brother Ben compares the process of success-building to entering a jungle. Ben says: â€Å"When I was I was seventeen, I walked into the jungle and when I was twenty-one I walked out†¦ And by God I was rich! The jungle was the locale of Ben's success, but for Willy, the forest is burning and there is little time left. The burning woods image is symbolic of Willy's feeling that he cannot bear the pressure of time, debts, human relationships. Even the apartment buildings in his neighborhood are closing in on him. He wants to commit suicide. When Willy’s mind wanders back to the happy days of his sons’ youth, the entire house and surroundings become covered with leaves. The present time is marked by the disappearance of these leaves. After Willy’s death, â€Å"The leaves of day are appearing over everything†. We find dialogues of typical New Yorkers, realistic, full of repetition, hesitations and contradictions. The language of stage direction, dialogue of the characters are very poetic. Willy says: â€Å"Funny you know? After all the highways, and the trains, and the appointments, and the years, you end up worth more dead than alive. † The title, the use of the requiem and Willy’s dialogue everything foreshadow Willy’s death. We also find dramatic irony. Willy portrays himself as being at the top of his game in sales with countless admirers, after thirty years of experience. The biggest irony lies in the fact that at his funeral, nobody except his family members and Charley were present. So the dramatic techniques in Death of a Salesman impresses us as a theatrical triumph and provides us a new example of modern tragedy Miller didn’t use either the timeswitch or the mixture of realist and expressionist technique simply for their own sakes . Actually, this was the best way to tell the story with the minimum of delay and repetition. Naturally, to be touched by the play and to realize it thoroughly are two different things.

Approaches To The Broken Windows Policy Explained Criminology Essay

Approaches To The Broken Windows Policy Explained Criminology Essay 1. Explain the Broken Windows theory of policing. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of this approach. Detail the two most important benefits and the two pitfalls of such an approach to policing. Police departments, in the past twenty years, have adopted a theory that says by resolving minor disorders serious crimes can be reduced. It is called the broken windows theory, â€Å"also known as â€Å"order-maintenance,†Ã¢â‚¬ zero-tolerance,† or â€Å"quality-of-life† policing.† (Harcourt & Ludwig, Winter 2006, p. 282) It came to the forefront after a 1982 Atlantic Monthly article by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling. The article argued that when low-level quality-of-life offenses were tolerated in a community, more serious crime would follow. The broken windows theory says that â€Å"the variation in disorder in neighborhoods that explains the variation in crime, holding structural disadvantage constant. The real trigger is disorderliness itself.â₠¬  (Harcourt & Ludwig, p. 281) According to this view, broken windows, abandoned buildings, public drinking, litter and loitering cause good people to stay in their houses or move out of the neighborhood entirely. The theory argues â€Å"that the minor events and incivilities that frightened people, far from being a distraction for police departments, should be identified as key targets of police action.† (Moore, 1992, p. 138) It leaves criminals free to roam and send a message that law violations are not taken seriously. â€Å"The focus of the broken windows policing strategy is to address community anxiety about public safety. Broken windows advocates argue that the role of the police is fundamentally to maintain public order.† (Dammert & Malone, Winter 2006, p. 39) Some of the advantages of the broken windows policing are that it reduces social and physical disorders, furthers joint safety endeavors, and bring communities together. â€Å"Broken windows theory assu mes an essentialist notion both of disorder and its connection to perception: visual cues are unambiguous and natural in meaning† (Sampson & Raudenbush, Dec. 2004, p. 320). The theory’s biggest test has been in New York City, where a dramatic decline in crime has been attributed in large part to â€Å"order maintenance.† Rundown parts of the city have been cleaned up, and police focus more on such problems as panhandling, turnstile jumping, and public drinking. Police have even cracked down on people who clean the windshields of cars at stoplights with squeegees (Parenti, 1999, p.77). Among the first and hardest hit were the homeless, who travel, beg, and live in the political and physical basement of the class system: the city’s six-story-deep concrete bowels. Advocates of such tactics argued that in order to address these crimes, the police must be afforded wide discretion and should not be hamstrung by constitutional rules. Still â€Å"broken windowsâ €  enforcement has won a proper place among trends in criminal-justice reform. But in doing so, the police ignored the principal lesson of their own theory. If the toleration of minor law violations leads to more serious crime on the street, it would also follow that the toleration of minor law violations by the police will lead to more serious crime on the force. And that is precisely what has happened. â€Å"The broken windows theory suggests that minor disorders, both physical†¦and social†¦is causally related to serious crime.† (Harcourt, 2001, p.68) â€Å"Broken windows gives rise to â€Å"wars† on the poor, racism, and police brutality.† (Weisburd & Braga, 2007, p. 80) As mayor, Giuliani appeared to show his eagerness to impose law and order at all costs with the implementation of the zero tolerance policy. This led to a dramatic increase in arrests for such crimes as riding a bike on the sidewalk and playing loud music.

Is Nationalism best understood as a rational phenomenon Essay

Is Nationalism best understood as a rational phenomenon - Essay Example The specificity of nationalism, that which distinguishes nationality from other types of identity, derives from the fact that nationalism locates the source of individual identity within a â€Å"people†, which for its part has been acknowledged as the bearer of sovereignty, the central object of loyalty, and the basis of collective solidarity. The foundation of nationalism, argued Liah Greenfeld (1992), without which no nationalism is possible, is an idea; nationalism is a particular perspective or a style of thought and that the idea of the nation lies in it core. (p. 3-4) Scholars are at odds as to when did nationalism emerge. However, they are in unison in saying that it started in Europe. For instance, there are those who argue that nationalism came out of Britain in the sixteenth century. There are those who believe such as Andrew Vincent (2002), that nationalism’s groundwork was established during the French and American revolutions. (p. 46) Nonetheless, the concept has signified the beginning of modernity, corresponding with the growth and modernization of states. This does not mean, however, that there were no instances of group loyalty and allegiance in the past. They were not simply considered nationalist as we understand the term today. The membership of an individual in a country is not a voluntary issue, though some times it is said to be voluntary. Nationalism is involuntary when a member of a country is born in a particular nation. It was not a choice to be born there, so it is involuntary. People who decide to change their citizenship and get that of another country are voluntarily members of their country of choice. This argument has become significant when we talk about ability to consider and choose between alternatives, which â€Å"entitle one to decide what was best for oneself and was the basis for the recognition of the autonomy

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

Discussion Question - Assignment Example Over 86% of the cities in America report violence each year. Women have also proven to be part of the violence adding up to 8% of the gangsters (ABC News). With this information, the community officials together with the community at large should coordinate to stop the violence. The first way to fight violence is making the youth busy. The government needs to create youth initiatives such as sports or games that will make them busy. The teens also need jobs. Lack of gainful employment makes them indulge in unauthorized activities that end up in violence. Hence, the community must condemn idleness especially in the streets (ABC News). Chicago being on the highlight in violence, the security force in the area needs enhancement. In as much as security is governments role, people in the neighborhood should also be on the watch out to report any suspected cases that can result in violence. Mainly, the residents should form mechanisms for reporting crimes and community policing. They should also help the authorities to inspect and flush out illegal gun holders among them. In addition, parents and guardians, being responsible for their small boys need to educate them on the ill effects of violence and warn them not to get involved (ABC News). In conclusion, enacting organization such as Fight Violence, with a group of youths moving around the streets educating the youths on the effects of violence can result in a positive outcome. Above all, the community needs to come together as one and fight

Romantic Love is a Poor Basis for Marriage Essay

Romantic Love is a Poor Basis for Marriage - Essay Example One day, a love-struck couple marry with all the complements for each other then the next day they are cursing one another in front of a judge. With the growing effects of media and the rampant news of the activities of celebrities which tend to become the models for younger generations nowadays, â€Å"love† is much celebrated and exalted in choosing a partner and deciding on marriage. However, it is interesting to note that â€Å"love† is now understood more on the feelings a person feels towards another rather than its basic ingredients which are patience, kindness, humility, loyalty and others. Men and women alike, now think they are more intelligent, more informed and allow themselves to find out if they have the â€Å"chemistry† to make a marriage work. They test this by staying together under one roof without getting married and if their sexual desires are satisfactorily met, then they decide to marry each other. However, in the long run, they find out that they made a mistake and therefore end up in a divorce. One of the studies on this topic was that of Tennov’s â€Å"limerence† which is the state of â€Å"being in love†, seeing all the good things in a person and disregarding the bad, just simply feeling good about everything that is happening in the relationship. The sad thing about this state is that, it only lasts for around two years (Owens). With the aforementioned study, it could be said that making romantic love the foundation of a relationship is foolish, not unless one plans to change partners every two years. More and more studies are being held these days about love and marriage, with the desire to dig into what makes marriages work. when one looks around, only a handful seem to have all that it takes for a marriage to be happy and lasting at the same time while so many seem to be lost without a manual. Scholars around the world search the differences of marriages, ones that work out and those that d o not. In this extended search, there have been so many conclusions made, suggestions given to couples, seminars held and probably more will be done to inform people and make their relationships work. One thing is for sure, romantic love is not enough to be the basis for marriage. There is a saying that says, â€Å"Love goes out of the window, together with the plates and spoons when there is no food on the table†. In some cases, this is literally true. Couples who joined themselves together in marriage can simply lose their temper when they are clawed by poverty and other troubles. This has been one of the guiding principles of most ancient an more recent eastern marriages. According to the studies of Lawrence Stone regarding English families until the eighteenth century, marriages were made on the basis of need for financial stability and lineage (Macfarlane). Despite this circumstance, many marriages worked well if the basis for such comment would be the lesser divorce rat es as compared to modern statistics. People then lived according to the norms and cultures of their age and space so that they were able to suppress their want to choose the person they would like to marry on the basis of romantic love. Taking into consideration the study on â€Å"

Strategic Management in Tourism, Sports and Event Case Study

Strategic Management in Tourism, Sports and Event - Case Study Example Sports industry has grown considerably due to the growing interests related to games, health and fitness. Focusing on this aspect, the case study intends to reveal ways of doing business in light of increased environmental concerns for a popular sport organisation namely Manchester United Football Club. Besides, the case study also discusses various growth strategies that can be used for Manchester United to expand the business. Corporate Social Responsibility In the context of strategic management, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is significantly influencing the business at an alarming rate. CSR is linked with core business objectives and core competencies and it can provide positive financial yields for Manchester United along with facilitating it to create a positive environmental impact in the world (McElhaney, 2009). New Ways of Doing Business In current business context, environmental problems such as climate change create an impact on every aspect of the economy and sports industry is no exception. Sports business is potentially an environmentally sensitive segment and is likely to be impacted by climate change. In present days, there is an increasing awareness about certain environmental issues such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, carbon emission, energy consumption and waste management among others (The Higher Education Academy, 2008; Carroll & Shabana, 2010). CSR Initiative Optimal for Manchester United The corporate trend towards CSR signifies substantial prospects for Manchester United to capitalise on pervasive demands of sports along with the financial strength of the business (Manchester United Limited, 2011). In order to understand the most optimal CSR initiative for an organisation, first there is a need to make an internal analysis such as SWOT. Appendix 1 and 2 shows the SWOT analysis of Manchester United and the SWOT analysis with the aid of Weighting/Ranking System. Concerning the internal aspects of Manchester United, it can be stated that the organisation possesses a number of ways for positioning the CSR strategies. For instance, it can make progression towards accomplishing profit objectives by of its involvement in sport related or spectator services along with developing partnerships with other organisations in an attempt to advance CSR programs (Smith & Westerbeek, 2007). Clear CSR Leadership Position In order to be comp etitive in present day’s business environment, organisations must constantly innovate and observe the activities of the competitors. Manchester United has corporate responsibility to ensure safe and healthy atmosphere and is committed to maintain sound environmental performance by constant maintenance of environmental management system (Akesson, 2010; Breitbarth et al., 2011). Strategic Group Analysis of Sports Industry Strategic group is a concept which is used to classify groups of organisations within similar industry, having similar business models (Reger & Huff, 2010). The following figure will show the strategic groups in the United Kingdom sports industry with reference to football segment. Aspects such as extent of branding and number of market segment served have been used for demonstrating the strategic group of Manchester United. According to the above figure, the key competitors of Manchester United in the Asian market are Arsenal Holdings plc, Chelsea and Liverpo ol Football Club (Henry, 2008). Arsenal and Chelsea have focused on Asian participation being through academies and programs while Liverpool is focusing on Indian market for opening of its own academy (Chelsea, 2013; The Arsenal Football Club Plc, 2011; Eurosport, 2013) Growth Strategy for 2014 to 2015 Business growth for an organisatio

Celebrity Endorsement of Advertisements Boosts Sales and Product Image Research Paper

Celebrity Endorsement of Advertisements Boosts Sales and Product Image - Research Paper Example This claim has been widely accepted in the marketplace, making almost 15% of the advertisement in the US to incorporate this strategy with an estimated $50 billion being spent globally on endorsements and corporate sponsorships (Crutchfield 23). Michael Jordan Endorsement of Nike’s Advertisement Nike is said to have spent over $475 million out of its $1.7 billion annual advertisement budget for the endorsement of athletes for its products (Elberse and Verleun 23). In this paper, focus shifts to how the endorsement of Michael Jordan affected the company’s sales and the company as a whole. Michael Jordan has been in the headlines as one of the most successful athletes according to Kellner, remaining relevant in the media even after his retirement in 1999. His achievements include leading the Chicago Bulls of America to NBA championships in six out the eight seasons when he played for the team which made him be associated with winning and deification of own prowess. Simmer s, Damron-Martinez and Haytko refer a celebrity to that person known for â€Å"well-knowingness.† A celebrity endorser in addition has been defined as that person enjoying public recognition which would be used by such a person, on behalf of consumer products by appearing in advertisements with it (Gunter, Oates and Blades 19).

The Impact of Internships on Graduate Employability Assignment

The Impact of Internships on Graduate Employability - Assignment Example The paper further focuses on the analysis of the normal career path for a post-internship candidate along with identifying the employment prospects from a long term and short term concern. Accumulatively, the paper has been focused on reviewing the value of internship in the current day context. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Analysis of the Current Graduate Labour Market Both General and Specific 4 Identify Skills, Knowledge & Aptitudes Required From Internships to Enter the Market 5 Identify the Medium and Long Term Prospects for Post-Internship Employment 7 Identify the Value of Internship 8 Conclusion & Recommendations 9 References 10 Introduction Lowden et al. (2011) stated that creating recruitment opportunities through placements and internships will not only provide an effectual functional method of encouraging suitable consciousness, capabilities and skills among the graduates but can also endorse creative teamwork and partnership within highly educated interns and employers. Basically, an internship is a part-time training program as per the academic world. In the present scenario, the issues regarding employability have emerged as the core concerns of the various higher education sectors all around the world. For instance, in 2010–2011, the UK government attempted to invest large sums in two internship schemes: for undergraduates and graduates. In January 2010, UK government also intended to deliver a funding amount of ?12.8 million to 57 universities and colleges in order to support the graduate internship programs. It has further been analysed that by the end of March 2011, under these schemes, 7,900 internships were already completed in the UK, which was apparent from the growth of employment within the national context (Hobijn et al., 2011). Analysis of the Current Graduate Labour Market Both General and Specific By taking into consideration the present situation of the employment market, it has often been argued that the unemployment rates, income growth of recent college graduates and the trends of part-time employment have declined after the cyclical recession of 2001, which indicates a direct relationship between employability and internship programmes (Hobijn et al., 2011). However, a global perspective depicts that during the period of 2007 to 2012, the trends of employability have been declining gradually, even though a growing concern was witnessed towards internship programs. This particular phenomenon has been apparent in the case of financial companies where the employers desire to recruit experienced candidates and where post-internship candidates are observed to gain better scope to enter into these competitive employability markets. However, conversely the candidates with no experience tend to face greater challenge in attaining employability affecting the overall employment growth in the global context (Hobijn et al., 2011). According to Kocherlakota (2010), it is viewed that this unrelenting high unemployment rate is due to huge structural frictions within the US labour market rather than the weak demand for employers who are associated with severe recessionary impacts. For instance, mismatch happens when employers are seeking for skills which are quite different from what available workers offer. It is in this context that internship offers career associated job experiences to a candidate

Revolutionary War and Saratoga Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Revolutionary War and Saratoga - Essay Example One might try to counter such a claim by stating that the British forces have a far superior level of combat training, readiness, and the possession of a professional army. However, it should be remembered by individuals that might espouse such a view that the colonial army, although not in existence for long, has had many years of experience fighting in the French Indian War as well as nearly constant practice in marksmanship and operations within difficult terrain as a function of the way of American life.2 In this way, although the Continental Army has not long been a formalized group, it is ultimately made up of a very hardened and experienced core that can and will continue to deal powerful and painful blows to the British forces until such a time that they can realize that control over the American colonies is no longer possible. Part 2: One of the most fundamental things that the reader back home should understand about the ongoing war within the colonies is the complete lack of respect and gentlemanly regard that the colonial forces apply in battle. No better a case can be seen with regard to this than what happened during the two battles that are collectively called the Battle of Saratoga. Whereas the traditional continental way of warfare has typically been for opposing armies to face off and seek to gain the upper hand, the Continental Army employed what can only be described as an organized assassination program that was specifically targeted towards killing any and all officers that could be caught in the crosshairs of the sharpshooters. Naturally officers of the British Imperial Army can and should expect that they are placing their lives at risk and it is not the intent of this newspaper article to establish that these men are off limits in the scope of warfare; however, what is more important is the fact that the tactics employed by the colonists were to specifically target these men as means of reducing leadership and spreading chaos and disord er through the ranks of our forces. Such a plan ultimately worked; although it is a new low with regard to the way in which the British Army has fought any of its former battles with a civilized group of people. As a result of such a tactic, the second battle of Saratoga was nearly a foregone conclusion as the level of boldness of the British officers, as well as the overall number of British officers available to lead and direct their men into combat, were lessened. This marked a turning point due to the fact that it was clear that the colonists were willing and able to go to any particular lengths necessary in order to win the conflict. Moreover, the particular tactic that was employed at Saratoga marked a turning point in the way that the colonists chose to fight the British. Where asymmetrical warfare has been something that these revolutionaries have employed all along, the manner in which they were ultimately willing to engage in a pitched battle where both sides faced off tog ether was tempered by the asymmetrics of employing sharpshooters to specifically target the eyes and ears of the British general.3 As a function of understanding the importance of such a battle, the reader can come to the general conclusion that even if and when the British Army is forced to engage with these rebels upon a battlefield, there is little if any guarantee that they will abide by the

The issue of tragedy Essay Example for Free

The issue of tragedy Essay The term, tragedy, by dictionary definition, can be defined as A story with a sad or unhappy ending. (Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man). Although there is some truth to this, the true definition of tragedy goes much deeper. The notion of tragedy has been a part of English literature since the beginning of the Classical times. Tragedy is available in almost all literary forms, such as, novels, play wrights, film, etc. Shakespeare, for example, has written numerous world renowned tragedies since the turn of the seventeenth century. Four centuries later, with all the changes to the world of literature, tragedy continues to prevail, as a popular form of literature. Through comparing and contrasting William Shakespeares, Hamlet, with Arthur Millers, Death of a Salesman, it is clear that tragedy continues to have many of the same features as it did so long ago and it continues to appeal to audiences today. This is demonstrated through the tragic hero, the heros tragic flaw, and the catharsis. With these three elements included, a more exact definition of tragedy is defined by Aristotle as, the imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude, in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the playthrough pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions. (Aristotle, The Poetics). Although each and every tragedy is slightly different or even quite dissimilar, every true tragedy includes the presence of a tragic hero. The tragic hero can be defined as man as both beautiful and terrible (Class notes, Tragedy and The Tragic Hero). It is most often the heros unjustified life which turns his story into a tragedy. The tragic hero has been a critical role since the beginning of tragedies and it continues to be today. However, views of how the hero should rank in society, have changed over time. According to Aristotle, it is thought that the heros position in society is to be much above the average man. Aristotle defines the hero to be a character of noble stature and has greatness. (Aristotle, Aristotles Idea of Tragedy). This can be seen in Shakespearean time, through such plays as, Hamlet. Hamlets noble stature comes from his position as a prince; he is the son of  the late king and nephew to the new king. Hamlets strong loyalty and dedication to his family has been interpreted as his greatness by many critics. This can be seen as Hamlet learns the truth about his fathers death, and his father asks him to seek revenge on his uncle, the new king, Haste me to knowt, that I, with wings as swift As meditation or the thoughts of love, May sweep to my revenge. (Shakespeare, Hamlet, III, v, 23-24). Hamlet reveals that he will do whatever it takes to seek revenge upon his uncle and is not worried about the consequences. With this quote, It becomes obvious that Hamlet is in fact the tragic hero of the play. Although it is partly the consistency of tragic heroism that attracts viewers to tragedy today, the status of the tragic hero has been viewed differently by great philosophers today, than it was hundreds of years ago. Arthur Miller, for example, believes that the common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as kings were. (Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man). The tragic hero, Willy Loman, in Arthur Millers, Death of a Salesman , unquestionably conforms to this description. Willy Loman is a common man, which is evident through his family life, his career as a salesman, and his position in society. Viewers can easily identify with him, which further classifies him as a tragic hero. Although Willy is a common man, he still has some greatness. His greatness lies in his struggle to claim some shred of dignity. He fights back against a system that is bigger than he is, that destroys little men like him. He demonstrates an ability for self sacrifice. (Class notes, Death of a Salesman- Is it a Tragedy). This is demonstrated through Willys discussion with Howard about getting further ahead in his business, You cant eat the orange and throw  the peel away-a man is not a piece of fruit. (Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman, pg. 84). Willy is attempting to justify his position in society and fight back against the system, which he inevitably fails miserably at doing. By comparing Shakespeares Hamlet with Willy Loman in Arthur Millers, Death of a Salesman, it is evident that the tragic hero is a key element to every tragedy. Although their positions in society are slightly different they  both posses qualities of greatness and will eventually be doomed by these qualities. A tragedy would not be a true tragedy without the presence of the tragic hero, which is why audiences are still attracted to tragedies after hundreds of years. Although the tragic hero is acclaimed to be deemed with the qualities of greatness, the tragic hero is certainly not perfect. In fact, this strong imperfection is know as the heros tragic flaw. The heros tragic flaw is what distinguishes him from any other character. This can be seen in both Death of a Salesman and Hamlet. It may be exactly this unique tragic flaw which continually attracts audiences to tragedies today. The heros tragic flaw is unique to each character and it is what makes him/her a true tragic hero. In Shakespeares, Hamlet, Hamlets tragic flaw comes from his boundless loyalty to his family. It is because he strives to follow his fathers orders to the absolute fullest that he eventually causes his own demise. Hamlet is overly passionate, indecisive, excessively intellectual, and overly infantile. He has never grown up. Hamlet suffers from oedipus complex and cannot accept the reality that he has a mother with sexual needs. It is his tragic flaw which make Hamlet bound for destruction. This becomes evident to the audience when Hamlet is in his mothers room and hears a scream, without looking he assumes it is the voice of Claudius, How now, a rat? Dead for a ducat, dead. [Makes a pass through the arras, Polonius falls and dies]. (Hamlet, III, iv, 72) This is Hamlets character flaw, he doesnt think before he acts, he simply wants to follow his fathers commands to the fullest and so he acts with excessive passion. The tragic hero always has the potential to excel in his greatness but he/she inevitably succumbs to his/her weaknesses/tragic flaw. (Class notes, Tragedy and the Tragic Hero). The tragic hero, Hamlet, is very different from Death of a Salesmans tragic hero, Willy Loman, yet the tradition of the tragic flaw continues. Willy Lomans tragic flaw differs dramatically from Hamlet, yet audiences are still attracted to the tragic flaw today as much as they were in Shakespearean time. In Arthur Millers, Death of a Salesman, Willy Lomans tragic flaw comes from the unnecessary, immense importance he puts upon success, class, and respect through the eyes of society. Willy becomes  obsessed with obtaining a high position in society that it becomes his only reason for living. It is his tragic flaw which eventually leads him to his own death. As Arthur Miller comments, the tragic feeling is evoked in us when we are in the presence of a character who is ready to lay down his life if need be, to secure one thing- his sense of personal dignity. (Arthur Miller, Tragedy and The Common Man). This describes Willy Loman exactly. The feeling of pity is evoked in viewers because Willys tragic flaw is so easy to identify with. Willys flaw has good intentions, for he wants Biff to follow in his footsteps and benefit from his values, but Willys true flaw is his blindness to see that his obsession with these values is causing his own demise. This is demonstrated when Willy gives his two sons advice about getting ahead in the world the man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates a personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want. (Miller, Death of a Salesman, Pg 33) Obtaining a high position in society and being respected in the business world are what Willy feels are the most important aspects of life. As Bradley writes, [The tragic hero] need not be good, but should have so much of greatness that in his error and fall we are vividly conscious of the possibilities of human nature. (Class notes, Tragedy and The Tragic Hero). The feeling evoked is that if waste. Both Hamlet and Willy had great possibilities in life but the blindness of their tragic fall caused them to waste their chances and waste their life. This expected tragic feeling has remained constant over time and is what continues to appeal to audiences time and time again. Tragedies are literary works which are continually filled with suffering, destruction, and most often death. However, through this suffering, the tragic concept is that man endures and gains through suffering. (Class notes, Tragedy and the Tragic Hero) The destruction in each tragedy is never meaningless, it has significant relevance. Although, emotions are aroused, tragedy does not leave viewers feeling depressed. The goal of a tragedy is to leave viewers in a state of catharsis. The word catharsis implies that tragedy purges, removes, or unclogs negative emotions, such as pity and fear that build up within the human spirit. (Some thoughts About Tragedy, both  literary and mundane) Tragedy cleanses, purifies, and thus rids viewers of negative emotions, such as, anger, pity, and fear, and turns them into something good. Viewers endure the tragedy but then gain through suffering by purifying their unhealthy emotions into something healthy. Catharsism is evident in both Hamlet and Death of a Salesman and it continues to attract viewers to tragedies today, as it did hundreds of years ago. At the end of Hamlet, viewers are left with a very negative scene of blood, and many meaningless deaths. As depressing as it may seem, it is not meant to leave the audience feeling depressed. The audience is left with a feeling of cleansing, ridding any feelings of revenge. Viewers accept a feeling of a new beginning, due to the prior line of madness being destructed. Hamlet displays a portion of this optimism just before his death, Give me the cup. Let go. By heaven, Ill havet. O God, Horatio, what a wounded name, Things standing thus unknown, shall live behind me! If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart, Absent thee from felicity awhile, And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain To tell my story (Hamlet, v, ii, 120). Although Hamlet is dying, he asks for his story to be told so others can benefit from the story of his life. It turns a depressing notion into something optimistic. Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman follows this same trait. Without personally reading or viewing, Death of a Salesman, one might think that Willy Loman taking his own life is a very depressing notion. However, like Hamlet, Death of a Salesman leaves the audience with the feeling of a catharsis when Willys life tragically ends. Audiences can easily relate to Willy Loman in his time of despair, as he fails again and again to obtain recognition from society. It is his entire reason for living until he eventually gives up and lays down his life in order for Biff to benefit. The tragedy allows the audience to purge themselves of feelings of pity and fear due to the strong connection with Willys character. Happy realizes what Willy has done for Biff and as he stands at his fathers funeral, Happy defends Willy by saying Im gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. He had a good dream. Its the only dream you can have-to come out number-one man. He fought it out here, and this is where Im gonna win it for him. (Miller, Death of a  Salesman, Pg. 138-139). The audience realizes that Willy has almost turned his own defeat into a triumph, which replaces any negative emotions, with positive ones. There is no doubt that in every tragedy, there is endless suffering and destruction, however it is ones recognition with these feelings which allows the audience to cleanse themselves of these emotions and gain through the suffering. These qualities have been a large component of tragedy since tragedy began and continue to attract and appeal to audiences today. Tragedies are often extremely varied and each one is slightly different. The content of tragedies can be extremely diverse and often have nothing in common with any other tragedy. However, there are a few components which must be present in every true tragedy. Three important aspects which are contained in every true tragedy is the tragic hero, the heros tragic flaw, and the catharsis. This becomes evident through comparing and contrasting William Shakespeares, Hamlet, with Arthur Millers, Death of a Salesman. It is these features which allow tragedy to appeal to audiences today, just as much as they did hundreds of years ago. Tragedies have been popular for centuries and they will continue to be popular for centuries to come.

Juvenile Offenders Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Offenders Essay Steinberg states that there are some issues which are very challenging to the society concerning the nature of human development and justice when it comes to serious juvenile crimes (para, 1). This is due to the fact that people do not expect crimes to be committed by children let alone children being criminals. The unexpected connection between childhood and criminality brings about a dilemma that is hard to resolve (Steinberg para, 1). Some of the ways out of this dilemma are: trying to redefine the offense as something of less magnitude than a crime and redefining the offender as somebody who is not actually a child. For almost a century now, the American society has chosen to redefine an offense as something less than a crime (Siegel and Welsh p, 211). Hoge, Guerra and Boxer states that most juvenile offenses have for long time been treated as delinquent acts that need adjudication within a separate justice system for juveniles (p, 154). This system is designed in such a way as to recognize the exceptional needs as well as the immature condition of young persons and stresses more on rehabilitation over punishment. Steinberg asserts that the two guiding principles that have prevailed concerning young people are that: they have different competencies as compared to adults, which necessitates adjudication in a different type of system, and that they have different potential for change and therefore qualify for a second chance as well as an attempt at rehabilitation (para, 4). The operations of juvenile courts are carried out under the presumptions that offenders are immature meaning that their development is incomplete, their judgment is immature, and their character is still undergoing development. However, in the recent past as Steinberg states, there has been a tremendous shift concerning the way crimes committed by juveniles are treated by policymakers as well as the general public (para, 6). This shift has resulted in great changes concerning policies that deal with the way juvenile offenders are treated. Gale argues that instead of choosing to defend offences committed by young people as delinquent, the society has opted to redefine them as adults and transfer them to the criminal justice system that deals with adult crime (p, 76). Some proponents in society have come to agree that there are those young offenders who should be transferred to the adult criminal justice system due to the fact that they pose a serious threat to the safety of the society where other juveniles live (Siegel and Welsh, p. 214). Proponents, as Hoge, Guerra and Boxer illustrates, argue that the magnitude of the offense committed by these youth deserves a relatively more harsh punishment (p. 174). They also argue that the history of repeated offenses do not augur well for definitive rehabilitation of juvenile offenders. This however, does not describe the large number of young people who are currently being put on trial in the adult criminal justice system. Steinberg argues that majority of these have been charged with crimes that are not as violent to merit such a harsh punishment (para, 7). When this transfer of juvenile offenders to adult system begins to become a rule instead of an exception, it characterizes a primary challenge to the very ground that the juvenile system was anchored in- that young people are different from adults. Debates concerning transfer policies can be viewed from different angles. Developmental psychologists would ask whether the differences drawn between people of various ages under the law are rational in light of what is known concerning age variation in different aspects of social, emotional, and intellectual functioning (Hoge, Guerra and Boxer, p. 79). One major issue based on developmental psychology that emerges is about the creation of a boundary between young people and adults in matters of criminal justice. Developmental psychology seeks to identify the scientific reasons that justify the separate treatment of adults and young people within the criminal justice system, especially with reference to the age bracket, 12-17 years, highly under political analysis currently (Steinberg para, 9). First and foremost, this age bracket is an intrinsically intermediary phase. It involves swift as well as dramatic changes in individual’s social, intellectual, physical, and emotional capacities. It is a phase where a line concerning competence and incompetence of individuals can be drawn. Secondly, teenage years are a period of potential flexibility (Gale p, 98). Young people are heavily influenced by experiences in school, at home, as well as other social settings. To the level that flexibility is possible, transfer of young people into a criminal justice system that rules out a rehabilitative response may be an unrealistic public opinion (Siegel and Welsh, p. 11). Adolescence is a decisive phase through which numerous developmental trajectories are firmly set up and increasingly hard to change. Numerous experiences that adolescents go through have devastating cumulative impacts. Irrational decisions and poorly formulated policies relating to young offenders may have unpredictable harmful outcomes (Gale, p. 104). According to Steinberg, mitigating factors such as mental illness, emotional stress and self defense should be critically evaluated when trying a young person (para, 14). A punishment that is fair to an adult may be unfair to a young person who was not aware of the penalties of his/her actions. It would therefore be unethical to give life sentences to juvenile offenders. The way laws are interpreted and applied should vary when dealing with a case in which a defendant understanding of the law is limited by intellectual and emotional immaturity. The repercussions of administering long and severe punishment are very different when the offender is a young person as compared to when he/she is an adult (Steinberg, para. 17).

Child Cognitive Development Observation Study

Child Cognitive Development Observation Study Childs Name: Allira Date: 17/03/2015 Childs age: 3 years 11 months Time: various Setting: outdoor setting Name of observer: Thi Pham (Sammi) Learning story: This morning Allira showed her interest in exploring a sand volcano- a natural phenomenon and feeling the rain during a physical activity. At 10 oclock, the weather was a little bit cloudy with gust of wind. Allira was still excited to engage in physical activity with her friends, they took turn to play the slide together. She held the ladder properly by her two hands. Then she put her right feet on the first stair, pushed her body forward then put her left feet on the next stair and climbed up to the slide. When Allira was on the top and ready to slide down, she stretched her wide arms, smiled happily and said Look! Im ready! yeah Then she ran quickly to the end of the line to wait for her turn. Suddenly, a strong wind blew her hair and it started to rain lightly. Its going to rain Allira said. Then she opened her palms to feel drops of rain touching her two little hands and her face. Together with other children, Allira was trying herself to put the raincoat on; she finished by doing a zipper skillfully. After that, she took a sand of bucket, ran to the sandpit to join the activity with others. One by one took turn to build a mound in the sand by shovels when it became bigger and higher. Look, its a volcano Allira said aloud. She looked like a scientist in a blue raincoat. They made a hole in the top and filled with water. All children were excited to see the water overflowing the hole. Allira pretended to be very scared, she opened her big eyes and yelled loudly Bum Bum Bum. Bum Bum Bum other children followed each other. Analysis: There is clear evidence in Alliras cognitive development when she showed her perceptual abilities via sensory experiences to explore the world. She felt and heard the sound of strong windy, touched the drops of rain and she know Its going to rain. She acknowledged cause and effect; the sound of volcano Bum Bum Bum during make-believe play. She get the information received from the environment to alter the way she interact and explore in the pretend play (Berk, 2013) There is a big process in Alliras physical development which has been seen clearly through this experience. Allira is able to keep balance to climb up the stairs with increasing agility and independently. Her fine gross motor skills have developed as she is able to use zipper herself; run confidently at speed to the sandpit with a heavy sand bucket without falling and build a volcano with a shovel. Her eye-body coordination was also addressed when she could coordinate her vision and body movement. Therefore, she has a strong sense of wellbeing Children take increasing responsibility for their own health and physical wellbeing (outcome 3, DEEWR, 2009, p.32) Allira has great sense of confidence in her physical ability; demonstrated a good social relationship when she was energetic to enjoy, take turn to play independently with others, (DEEWR, 2009, p.21). Future learning opportunities To develop Alliras gross- fine motor skills and mental health by engaging her in dancing, pushing cart, obstacle course, threading beads, tracing her name. To support her cognitive development and enlarge her knowledge about natural phenomenon by exploring a real volcano experience in sensory play To build positive social-emotional development with her friends and educators by creating a warm and trusting relationship by engaging in activity which she needs to take turn, share and contribute to help each other (outcome 1, DEEWR, 2009). Provision: Physical environment: safe outdoor playing area such as set up a challenging and fun physical activity: pushing cart, climbing or jumping Access intensive teaching and learning opportunities as well as equipment that facilitates social-emotional interaction. Sustainable materials/equipment: sand, flour, cooking oil, liquid detergent, baking soda and vinegar, water, wheelbarrow, cart, dough play, beads or play door equipment Responding to Alliras cues by asking her questions to express her ideas and give her opinion. References: Berk, L. (2013). Child development. Boston: Pearson. Department of Education, employment and workplace relation (DEEWR) (2009). Belonging, Being Becoming: The Early Years Learning Framework for Australia. Canberra: DEEWR.

Portuguese Essay :: Papers

A nossa associaà §Ãƒ £o, ou seja, a Associaà §Ãƒ £o de Professores para a Educaà §Ãƒ £o Intercultural fez agora, em Setembro de 2003, dez anos. Surgiu ligada a um projecto que existiu no tempo em que o Engenheiro Roberto Carneiro era Ministro da Educaà §Ãƒ £o, que foi sem dà ºvida, para mim, mas tambà ©m sou duvidosa ao afirmar isto porque ele foi meu professor e eu gosto imenso dele e surgiu praticamente porque ele comeà §ou a preocupar-se com estas situaà §Ãƒ µes dos filhos dos imigrantes que vinham das ex-colà ³nias e, entà £o, criou uma Instituià §Ãƒ £o que se chamava Secretariado Coordenador de Programas para a Educaà §Ãƒ £o Intercultural, chamado o Entreculturas. O Entreculturas, depois de um diagnà ³stico feito por alguns elementos no terreno, verificou-se que era necessà ¡rio dar formaà §Ãƒ £o nesta à ¡rea da multiculturalidade e fundou-se, nessa altura a Associaà §Ãƒ £o que tinha sede numa salinha do Secretariado de Entreculturas. Porquà ª a Associaà §Ãƒ £o? Porque era necessà ¡rio para este tipo de actividades, era necessà ¡rio para dar formaà §Ãƒ £o e para que as pessoas tenham crà ©dito, à © necessà ¡rio, realmente, que a Instituià §Ãƒ £o esteja acreditada por um centro de conselho cientifico-pedagà ³gico da formaà §Ãƒ £o contà ­nua e a Associaà §Ãƒ £o nos seus estatutos que, para alà ©m do seu estatuto normal que ela tem, a Associaà §Ãƒ £o tinha, tambà ©m, dentro do estatuto, um centro de formaà §Ãƒ £o. A sala onde vocà ªs està £o à © a sala do centro de formaà §Ãƒ £o, a sala dali à ©, digamos, aquela que lida melhor à   da direcà §Ãƒ £o, a da presidente e aqui à ©, sem dà ºvida, o sà ­tio onde nà ³s fazemos a formaà §Ãƒ £o acreditada e outro tipo de formaà §Ãƒ £o, onde organizamos dossiers, prodeps. 2. Quais as vertentes em que a formaà §Ãƒ £o se baseia? Em và ¡rias vertentes, desde que tenha haver com a multiculturalidade. Portanto, as acà §Ãƒ µes està £o todas elas viradas para a multiculturalidade e somos, sem dà ºvida, o à ºnico centro de formaà §Ãƒ £o que tem esta especificidade, neste momento. 3. Qual à © o pà ºblico-alvo destas formaà §Ãƒ µes? As formaà §Ãƒ µes sà £o para professores, comeà §aram por ser, segundo a legislaà §Ãƒ £o, e para formaà §Ãƒ £o contà ­nua de professores. A legislaà §Ãƒ £o foi alterada ultimamente que tambà ©m dà ¡ para membros, e jà ¡ temos tido, de

Ways Hartley and Frayn present Childhood in The Go-Between and Spies Es

In the Go-Between, Hartley presents the world of children and childhood through the first person narrative (from the viewpoints of the young and old Leo), Leo’s vivid imagination, the themes of growing up and self-awareness, the conflict between the child and adult world, and the portrayal of Leo as a school boy. Firstly, the writer portrays the world of children through the first person narrative which encapsulates young Leo’s fresh, spontaneous optimism and hope towards the dawning of a new era, ‘My dreams for the twentieth century, and for myself, were coming true’(Chapter 1. p. 28). Therefore, this device allows the reader direct access to the intensity yet simplicity of a child’s point of view and enhances Leo’s personal feelings of pure elation. Furthermore, we can see that Leo possesses a innocent sense of expectation as he is conveyed as embarking upon his journey in life with the utmost confidence, ‘For the first time I felt that I was someone’ (Chapter 1. p.25). Subsequently, this creates a child-like tone of adventure as Leo is described as a somewhat inexperienced and vivacious boy. In addition, the narrator sums up his younger self in his own words: ‘resilience†¦resourcefulness†¦adaptability†¦instinctive symp athy with human nature†¦those were the qualities I possessed in 1900’ (Prologue. p. 19). Thus, adolescent Leo is open to life and all its possibilities for success. However, the reader can see that the novelist is setting the scene for Leo’s expectations to be thwarted and even the older Leo recognizes that he was soaring too high, as illustrated by the reference to the legend of Icarus, ‘You flew too near to the sun, and you were scorched’ (Chapter 1. p. 28). It can also be seen that the older Leo is prep... ...sual atmosphere created by the heat contributes to Leo’s feeling that the world in his imagination has more reality than everyday life. In addition, the weather acts as a metaphor for events which Leo cannot control, ‘It all began with the weather defying me’ (Chapter 1. p. 39) and comes to symbolize the increasing emotional intensity of a young child’s involvement in the adult world, ‘All the heat of the afternoon seemed to be concentrated where we stood†¦It made me uncomfortable’ (Chapter 7. P. 82-83). This creates a mood of intense anticipation and suspense as the heat reflects how events are escalating out of control. Furthermore, the writer portrays the world of children through Leo and Marcus’s daily ritual of visiting the thermometer to track record temperatures as it adds to the mood of innocent expectation and conveys the simplicity of childhood pursuits.

Essay --

Garrett Pyatt Mark Whitters HIST 179 12/12/2013 Position Paper: In Regards to Caesar's Body The topic of my position paper is: What should be done with Gaius Julius Caesar's body? This issue is of great importance and has an assortment of ideas and options of what should be done with Caesar associated with it. For example, my character Marcus Antonius, believed that the body of Caesar should be honored and a temple should be built to his glory. Marcus, along with most of the Caesarians, believed that the service for Julius should be held in public so that all of those who held him dear could witness it. However, there are others who oppose the idea of honoring Caesar in death as they had loathed him in life. The majority of people who disliked Caesar wanted one of two things: His ceremony be held in private where only his family and colleagues can attend along with no temple to honor him, or alternatively, they would have the body cast out into the waters of the Tiber river. Both those who had love for Caesar, and those who had hatred all have reasons to react in the way t hat they did. On one side of the argument you have those who supported Caesar and most all that he did for Rome as its ruler. These people acknowledge Caesar's military victories such as those in Gaul and Britannia where he ousted the barbaric enemies of Rome. They believe that he was a brilliant leader during both times of war, and times of peace. Caesar is also admired by them for his clemency toward his enemies after the conflict with Pompey and the mercy that he generously bestowed upon them. Additionally these people most certainly include the loyal Soldiers of Caesar that followed him without question. All of these Romans believed that Caesar made Rome t... ...ble at this point in time and its senators should think about this when deciding what form of actions that they should take. In the end, I simply think that a proper burial for Caesar after his assassination would be the proper course of action for the senators of Rome to take. This would prevent any potential unrest that could occur from dishonoring Caesar and would also show that Rome will not be brought down in times such as these. Also, the people who dislike Caesar and are against his proper ceremony are already angered by the actions that he has taken in the past. Therefore they wont gain any new hatred for Caesar is already dead. As Caesar once said, â€Å"No one is so brave that he is not disturbed by something unexpected.† For in times such as these when unanticipated events occur, the best option is to move on and grow from the tragedy in a positive way.

Prepared Remarks of President Barack Obama: Back to School Event

On the 8th of September 2009, President Barack Obama held a speech at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia, in which he stressed the importance of education. The speech was broadcasted nationally and students were tuning in all across America, kindergarten through 12th grade. His speech makes it very clear that you simply cannot quit school and skip classes because â€Å"you’re not just quitting on yourself, you’re quitting on your country†.President Obama would like to motivate all the students who were listening and that feeling of importance, which the sentence above is showing, might be the exact motivator for that to happen. This paper will analyse and comment on the speech and focus on the way President Obama addresses his audience. The composition of the speech is pretty much straightforward and not problematic nor complex. It is started by a short presentation followed by the message of the speech, well-documented with different arguments which su pport each part of the message.It ends with a short summary which sums it all up. This is a necessity given the fact that the audience is – as mentioned – students of all age. His language is very easy to understand and he doesn’t use neither imagery language nor hypotactic sentence structure where he referrers to something that isn’t mentioned. If this wasn’t the case, large parts of the audience might not understand the message the speech is trying to show, and the speech would be useless for them.Since the audience is a group of students – large amount in a small age – he tries to make himself likeable. This is seen in the anecdote about his own childhood and hard upbringing. Throughout the speech, President Obama takes great use of pathos as a persuasion mean which means that he appeals to both emotions and feelings: â€Å"And even when you’re struggling, even when you’re discouraged, and you feel like other people have given up on you – don’t ever give up yourself. , President Obama is using pathos as the main way of persuasion since people are more likely to agree when they’re emotional. There are, however, several places where he appeals to ethos by expressing his own equality to the rest of the audience: â€Å"[†¦] how’s everybody doing today? †, as he opens the speech in this way, he sets the scene and tries to get rid of his authority as the most powerful man in the world since no one likes to be talked down to. President Obama mentions all the different grades of the same reason; he doesn’t want to talk down to them.President Obamas main point is that all students have to work hard in order to reach success and get a good education. Education is the only â€Å"real† way out of poverty, unemployment and trouble. His argument for this statement is that without an education and hard work, you can’t be something in life; jobs and money doesn’t come from nothing, even though several Hollywood-movies and TV-series might express that. Furthermore, he stresses the importance of responsibility.Not only for your own actions, but also for the responsibility your teachers should to inspire you, your family to support you and make sure you stay on track, and the government’s responsibility for setting high standards and provide whatever it takes to raise the bar for educational standards. However, all of this doesn’t mean much if you don’t take the responsibility of yourself and your education. He describes how every single one of us has something to contribute: â€Å"Every single one of you has something to offer†.Hereafter he even gives several examples of opportunities which might occur for someone who has found her/his hidden talent. This also referrers to the â€Å"don’t quit, don’t skip, stay in school† message he’s trying to embrace. The next part of the speech is once again used to make President Obama identifiable. He knows how hard life can be, since he himself had to break the negative heritage; his parents didn’t have an college education and didn’t have much, however, â€Å"That’s no excuse for not trying. †, he says. There is, in fact no real excuse for quitting school.He even mentions the American Dream in his speech which is based on the belief that everyone is their own happiness and future. He mentions 3 different people, who have been struggling; nevertheless, their future seems to be bright after their hard work! This is yet another motivator and proof for the people who think their background and personal issues sets them behind. Barack Obama uses a lot of different rhetorical techniques in order to create an environment in which his young audience feels comfortable in; furthermore, it makes his argumentation a lot more convincing.In lines 164-165 he keeps repeating â€Å"I expect [à ¢â‚¬ ¦]†, which sets the bars for the upcoming year. I believe he does this because he has an authority. As much as he tries to hide it, he also uses it. If it was a general John Doe who said â€Å"I expect this and that from you†, what purpose would it have? The audience wouldn’t listen! You could say that Barack Obama is a role model for a lot of people – if not a whole nation: he’s the first black president and worked his way up from nothing. President Obama is rying to make the distance between him – and his authority – and the audience as small as possible by making a lot of comparisons and relations. The words â€Å"I get it† and â€Å"I know† is not put there for no reason. By decreasing the gap between him and the audience, his authority is more in the background, and he is now a person whom you can relate to, and not the most powerful man on the world. In America, national sentiment isn’t very uncommon, an d the responsibility which a lot of people feel toward their country is a mean to motivate people.Therefore, the argument: â€Å"you’re not just quitting on yourself, you’re quitting on your country† is one powerful motivator. I feel that the speech is indeed influenced by American thinking, however, it all makes sense; even in my head. He stresses the importance of education, and that is something each and every country has a necessity to do; perhaps he has found the way to actually communicate the message? ——————————————– [ 1 ]. line 65 [ 2 ]. line 147-149 [ 3 ]. lines 36-37 [ 4 ]. lines 92-107 ï » ¿Prepared Remarks of President Barack Obama: Back to school Event One of the most important and discussed topics in politics has always been education because of its decisive role in society. Education is the key stone for the generations to come and well educated citizens are a necessity for a successful society in the 21st century. Politicians also make education a high priority because they know it is where votes can be drawn. A politician who also is concerned about the matter of education is President Barrack Obama. And in his speech â€Å"Prepared Remarks of President Barack Obama: Back to School Event† held in Arlington, Virginia on September 8, 2009, he addresses to the Americans students the importance of education and emphasizes that the responsibility to do well in school lies with the students themselves.This is a responsibility that they have to meet, not only for their own sake but for the sake of their country. President Obama emphasizes the importance of education and self-responsibility to children from kindergarten to 12th grade. Children at that age can be difficult to address to, especially with such a big size of group, so Obama must use various approaches to make it possible. He talks to them as an equal so young audience can identify with him and not only see him as the President. He uses a simple and informal language with many repetitions and examples they can relate to. He starts out by saying â€Å"Hello everyone – how’s everybody doing today?†(Page 1, line 1). He speaks directly to the audience to get their attention.He needs the attention from the children and hold on them to get through with his message. He does that by gaining their respect for him and shows that he sincerely cares about them. In the beginning of the speech Obama tells about his story from when he was young. How he was raised by his mother who did not had any money to take him to school, so she had to give him lessons at home at 4:30 in the morning. He also mentions things he did he is not proud of th at got him in troubles. Then Obama shares and opens up about his personal stories, he uses ethos in his arguments to increase his reliability with the audience. It makes it easier for Obama to get through with his message when the people he talks to have his respect.Obama starts stressing his message after he has achieved the audience’s attention. Obama has two main messages in his speech. The first one is that the self-responsibility of the education lies with the student. Maybe the  parents and the teachers also have some responsibility for the student, but it all comes the student â€Å"none of it will matter unless all of you fulfill your responsibilities†(Page 2, line 30). The students will not have everything served for them; it is their turn to take action and take responsibility for their choices. The second one is that the students also have a responsibility for the nation. The nation depends on the students to get a well education.The future of the nation l ies with the students to be a functional part of the US society so the nation can operate and compete â€Å"What you’re learning in school today will determine whether we as a nation can meet our greatest challenges in the future.†(Page 2, lines 52-54). Obama is addressing to the students patriotic American inside them. Most American is raised to be patriotic and Obama knows hot to make use of it. Everybody wants to be a part of something that has an influence on the nation, and every student has the responsibility to their nation â€Å"We need every single one of you to develop your talents, skills and intellect †¦ If you don’t do that – if you quit on school – you’re not just quitting on yourself, you’re quitting on your country.†(Page 2, lines 62-64).Obama begins to speak about how hard work is the most important key to success. Everybody has the opportunity to succeed. Here he indirectly refers to the American Dream; w ith hard work you can accomplish everything. â€Å"Where you are right now doesn’t have to determine where you’ll end up. No one’s written your destiny for you. Here in America, you write your own destiny. You make your own future.†(Page 3, lines 88-90).He uses himself and Michelle Obama, the first lady, while using pathos as examples of people who started from the button with bad conditions and build up to become successful. He comes up with three other cases than himself:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Jazmin, Andoni and Shantell aren’t any different from any of you. They faced challenges in their lives just like you do. But they refused to give up. They chose to take responsibility for their education and set goals for themselves. And i expect all of you to do the same†(Page 4, lines 105-107)Obama uses the sponsorship effect to create ethos. He also uses Michael Jordan’s and J. K. Rowling’s story to get it out that you cannot succeed without fail ing. Obama uses persons who are idol to many so they get inspired to try to accomplish the same success. He wants the students to understand that if they want to be successful, they need to set goals for themselves and take responsibility for their education for that to happen. Throughout the speech, Obama uses a number of different strategies to affect the broad group of audience. By use concrete example they can relate to with a language everybody is able to understand, he inspires and motivates the young people who is the future of the USA.

Costco Wholesale Corporation

Costco carry alliance, which was ceremonious in 1983 as a single stock in Seattle, became the biggest social station wargonhouse connection chain the world, employing the so-called less-is- more(prenominal) concept. With much(prenominal) concept, Costco dish out Corporation as well as looks upon themselves as the rank and file warehouse club that has the capability to sell top- select food, hardlines, softlines, and different keens usually in a large get or bulk quantity at the low workable impairment. Costco now has over 457 stores which are situated in most separate of the United States and is still growing.Their success was chiefly attributed to their sales volume, considerably consumer acceptance, generally good runs and client care, and the lowest possible price offered. Furthermore, Costco sells, provides or displays items or carrefours from curb suppliers or from a small number of suppliers. Variety of items is to a fault reduced and this is make to r educe the risk of obtain ending and encourages a consumer to buy such harvest-home or value. An new(prenominal) benefit of this is that obedience on a certain crossroad or service is created or improved.The hatfuls goal is to provide more discounts and punker prices to the guests, focusing more on the clients, quite than to the competition. It is able to provide lower live and greater discounts because the corporations marketing style is to reduce overhead embody by reducing fancy electrical outlet designs, taking almost every thing to simplicity. Costco to a fault pays to its workers and employees, talent them good salaries and benefits, resulting to the tremendous low evaluate of theft and turnovers by its employees.Since Costco is known for its cheap prices and sales in large or bulk quantities, it had created policies, just like other competing membership warehouse clubs, regarding sell bring backs and exchanges. Costco had been formulating and had been modifyin g its fruit ensures in site for their goal and or concept to be followed. These attempts, in ordain to improve a business quality or to be used as stepping stones for a corporations growth, such as the Costco, es moveial be effective.Costco Wholesale Corporation provides information regarding the covers that they offer on growths and memberships, but it seems that their tackles vary from one Costco leg to the other. In Costco found or established Japan, What is Costco? their guarantee states that COSTCOS UNCONDITIONAL DOUBLE warrantee on merchandise We guarantee your triumph on every produce we sell with a generous refund. On membership We will refund your membership recompense in full at whatsoever time if you are dis at ease. With regards to the corporations guarantee, a insurance policy regarding computer arrests was created.This is in relation to Costco (Japan) unconditional double guarantee. Costcos pass off policy, What is Costco? , states COSTCOS COMPUTER RETURN constitution Costco Wholesales harvest-time policy for all ground and notebook computers is six months from the look of purchase. afterwards six-months from the date of purchase, all services and technical foul project will be open(a) to the applicable remaining manufacturers warranty. While on the other hand, the guarantee of Costco Wholesale Corporation in their online store, Costco Returns, states that Costco.com Costco guarantees your satisfaction with the merchandise you purchase from us. Costco. com harvests may be returned to any of our hundreds of Costco warehouses worldwide. Or, if you invite to return or exchange merchandise directly to costco. com, contact us at client service. Effective November 4th, 2002, Costco Wholesales desktop and notebook computer return policy is six-months from the date of purchase. After six-months from the date of purchase, all service and technical support will be subject to the applicable remaining manufacturers warranty. Ac cording to Christopher W. L.stag, effective guarantees must be unconditional, meaningful, easily to understand, easy to invoke, and easy to collect (72). A guarantee is express to be easy to understand and commune if the guarantee that is created is written in a simple manner, using concise spoken communication and directly state what the guarantee is just about or what it offers. This is done in order for nodes and employees to know or learn what to take and what is expected of them, respectively. Evaluating the guarantee declared by Costco in Japan, it rouse be find that it is indeed easy to understand, and is easily communicated.It distinctly states in its guarantee on the merchandise, that they scum bag provide satisfaction to the guests for every product that they sell and directly states a obligation to give a full refund, in cases that the former statement is not ful fill up. Also, with regards to their membership, it was similarly directly stated that if a g uest was disappointed or frustrated, they (Costco), would give a full refund. Furthermore, with regards to many items or products they sell under the exemption of a full refund, the policy regarding these products is also clearly stated.Evaluating the guarantee inclined by Costco in their online store, though understandable, it is not easily understood as compared to the previous guarantee. It does not state the lodges promise, or what the company would do or give in return if a client becomes dissatisfied with their goods and services. receptive to the applicable remaining manufacturers warranty seems weak and that guests would already specify twice when it comes to invoking refunds. The guarantee stated at Costcos online store (costco.com) should be stated in fewer words, pinpointing more on the necessary information, terms, and policies. With regards to a meaningful guarantee, two(prenominal) considerations or concerns are raised by stag. A guarantee is utter to be me aningful, first, if the guarantee provided by the company or corporation addresses the service that is of most impressiveness to the customers. Second, a guarantee is said to be meaningful or of good quality, if it is meaningful financially or that a guarantee should focus on what a customer would enjoy more.The guarantee stated by Costco in Japan, is indeed meaningful, as it perceptibly indicates that it would provide full refund for some(prenominal) products and membership fees. In this guarantee, price, which is considered by Hart as the most important atom for a meaningful guarantee, is evident. Costcos guarantee is meaningful relative to the price of the product or service. Costco would return the price which the customer paid, in full, if the customers are not satisfied with their products or services.On the other hand, the online store of Costco lonesome(prenominal) states or offers a return or exchange of a product bought by an unsatiated consumer. One meaningful thing is that in the statement of their guarantee, the customers are assured that they have several outlets or that stores where the customer could return or exchange the merchandise. This helps the customers by immediately identifying where customers could go or contain their puzzles. Again, better promise or customer return should be created, or if such promise or payback exists, it should be clearly declared in their guarantee or policy.In the shape up evaluation of a good guarantee, a guarantee is said to be easily invoked by customers if the subprogram that a customer has to take is simple, untroubled and undemanding. The demonstrate of invoking a full return of a good or service should be straightforward and uncomplicated or understandable. This will help customers who are already displeased, to favor or buy once again such goods or services by the business establishment. In addition to an easily-invoked guarantee, Hart states that customers should not be made to flavor gu ilty about invoking the guarantee no questioning, no raised eyebrows, or why me.Lord? looks. A company should encourage cheerless customers to invoke its guarantee, not put up roadblocks to keep them from speaking up (5). flavour on Costcos guarantee on this aspect, complains, letters and calls conveyed to the customer service of Costco can be used. How Costco moves to these complaints and the measures they take to help the customers and the process of invoking a refund can also looked into. The process of invoking a refund is easy. in that respect are no forms to be filled or series of questions to be answered.A customer just needs to bring the product to the Costco warehouse. From the statement of the guarantee in Costcos online store, it was stated that there are a lot of Costco warehouses where the customer can return or exchange the product, though a list of these warehouses were not given. Some report complaints were about growing membership bills scour if a customer ha d already left the list of Costcos members. Also, there were some complains regarding Costcos customer service or how Costco deals with complains or requests from customers.With regards to these complaints, Costco creates ways of parcel these customers in other ways or that, in most cases, the managers send letters of apologies to unsatisfied customers. in that location was an incident that a customer was asking for the tires he bought to be installed in the foregoing of his minivan (Consumer complaints about Costco tires). Costco did not respond to this request and kept a house stand that these new set of tires should be installed in the rears. Costco states that it is best for the tires to be installed in the rears, even if the vehicle was a front wheel drive.They offered a video and articles stating or defending their claim regarding the installation of tires on the rears. Major sales representative Chris Biggers, sent a letter in receipt to the complaint regarding the ins tallation of tires on the rears and stated that Costco aims or looks on the safety of both its employees and members (the consumers). With regards to the preaching of Costco employees and managers to the discontented customers, I depend that Costco tries their best in addressing the complaints and that they still take hold a good relationship with the consumers.Other sweeping corporations such as the Wal-Mart experience the aforesaid(prenominal) complaints, worst, they have more. Wal-Mart had been continuously complained because of their unfriendly treatment with customers. Their customer service and care was deficient and sometimes, there are incidents of discrimination. Costco on the other hand have strong principles that they moderate for the benefit of consumers and that they humble themselves to maintain the good relationship that they have with the customers.It is just that customers are already irritated that they fail to see the efforts of Costco in helping them. Furt her personnel training and teambuilding should also be exercised by the company in order to nicely and properly address disgruntled customers, most especially those with tempers. There were complains filed against Costco, stating that their refunds or certain products were not world received by the customers or that Costco is uneffective to give the necessary benefit or compensation for a poor service or low-quality product.If a refund was promised, the problem was that no certain dates of such reimbursement were given by the customer service, oftentimes resulting to unwanted refunds. In terms of the refunds, Costco is at the losing end. Costco provides the cheapest price as much as possible, by keeping a mark up that is not higher than 14 share for unbranded products or items and mark up not higher than 15 portion for non-private-labeled items, unlike its competitors who has mark ups up to 25 percent, or even 50 percent.Suppliers also exert pressure on Costco regarding product returns. I recommend improved customer service hotlines or more customer service centers that are accessible to the consumers for easier caution of complaints and quick response to customer needs. Also, the policy regarding the guarantee they provide should be further developed, but taking importance not to render the guarantee impractical for both the company and its consumers. Works CitedConsumer Complaints About Costco Tires. 2004. ConsumerAffairs. Com Inc. exalted 31, 2007. . What Is Costco? Japan, 2005. Costco Wholesale Japan, Inc. and Costco Wholesale Corporation. August 31, 2007. . Greenhouse, Steven. How Costco Became the Anti-Wal-Mart. The cutting York Times, 2005. Hart, Christopher W. L. The Power of Unconditional Service Guarantees. The McKinsey Quarterly, 1989.

Intellectual Capital

The free-enterprise(a) securities industry and the fast changes that occur almost d each(prenominal)y gather up institution to enlistment abreast with learning and adaption. The train to get the right individualnel whether through and through recruiting or educate is crucial in attaining the goals of an giving medication. The quest to convoke the prerequisite expertise needed in the conf white plagued parts of the nerve has become a insouciant strive for managers because of the demands of the consumer.According to Dun gage (1 979), there argon internal environmental parcels that need to be satisfied depending on a particular tutorial specification so as the fall output depart conform to the necessary expectations. The sensual composition of an organization be critical to the realization of goals and achieving the expectations of s captureholders. In obligeing emulous advantage, the need to identify, grow, and distri merelye the total competencies or the cogn ition of an organization is critical (Passer & Rene, 2011).The k nowledge or expertise needed to run an organization should be made avail adapted whether intern completelyy or by acquiring outside assist. Internally, coaching, training and consistent supervising crapper channelize Information from one person to the next and that must be made as part of the business culture. The noesis one attains through years of reckon on the Job bumnister be state to be invaluable, Xx (2013) sh bes that, homosexual beings atomic number 18 endowed with different qualities and as such(prenominal)(prenominal) particular attention cave in to be paying(a) to piecekind imaginativeness especially in this familiarity- base economy.It is hence imperative for organizations to develop mechanisms that go away retain employees with issueledge that is Inherent. The knowledge and the skills of an individual or the collective mindset f fermenters In an organization combine with the tycoon of the firm to create, collect, coordinate, retrieve, leverage, and col constancyate forms the basis of guessing outstanding (Guppy & occasional, 2013). There seat be diverse arrange of skills, expertise and knowledge across a prone organization due to the differences in the slip of work one is assigned to or the department an employee belongs.Employees have to meet set job requirements in set up to be hired in the first smirch, however, the adjustments and adaptation of each person Is different and with time the direct of knowledge fifers based on ones ablest. Definition of Intellectual Capital According to Stewart (1997), there are troika forms of gifted metropolis the human uppercase comprises of skills, competencies, and abilities of individuals and groups.This type of great relates directly with a persons knowledge or talent whether acquired on the Job or proficient expertise from special training. The human large(p) hence Is Inherent and organizations may n ot be able to claim ownership. An usage of human detonating device is interpersonal skills, this may be listed as a core competence of a reticular position, but the grade of how each person exhibits may differ and as such there will be employees considered as star performers when it comes to that.Transferring such bang-up letter is a line of work on its own sense it takes the consent as well as the ability to communicate in effect by the individual. Whereas human smashing deals the guild such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks, processes, methodologies, gets, documents, computer networks and software (Steward, 1997). This can be said to be visible knowledge and the organization can rely in the execution of their strategical plans. Customer uppercase deals with the nurse an organizations put on relationships with suppliers, allies, and nodes (Steward, 1997).The jut out and reputation of organizations can be mensurable using relationships it has built over the years and the superior it places on customer service. Role In mensurateing clever jacket crown, there is no one size fits all because organizations vary in their emphasis due to their past, the grocery, and their remains to achieve their goals. The dynamics of the global economy with the rapid changes and advancement of technology makes cerebral capital an pregnant factor for the success of an organization.Employing the different parts of an mind capital as a key system in an organization can function as the precursor to dealing with immaterial changes that may come to the business. As stated above, the three parts of expert capital when managed can helped with issues from, employee training and that is utilizing the human component, expression a strong culture through geomorphological adherence and managing customer base and achieving the goals of the organization with the serial profitability.Daisies (2013) in defining keen UAPITA stated that, organizations use the attr ibutes of the talented capital as a choice to secure competitive advantage, and create Focusing on the intellectual capital of an organization can enhance the reading of a competent workforce which has the skill for action and creativeness. So internally, this gives the organization the area to range more in scathe of promotion or getting it to desired levels. Externally, the commission of intellectual capital conforms to changes in foodstuff and the public perception of the image of organization (Daisies, 2013).There s and so a meaningful honor that can be assessed for an organizations intellectual capital which will correlate to the position and how investors make finality most the organization. The ability to have a duodecimal value to intellectual capital as an asset drives the competitive advantage in the market place. range Even though the term has been there for decades (since the sasss), the competitive global market brought about by the changes of the stin ting indicators from an agrarian to a knowledge or entropy based economy has made intellectual capital more relevant now than ever.According to Guppy and Sporadic (2013), the idea that the knowledge repository of an organization is the ride force behind its ability to survive, grow, and sustain its competitive advantage in the global marketplace has a long rich history. However, intellectual capital is now seen as key area where creativity, innovations are borne to sustain the competitiveness of the organization. Learning Organization The strategy of an organization to achieve its mission and goals depends on some(prenominal)(prenominal) factors.The billing of an organization to remain competitive given the market may all for an aspect of knowledge management that is intellectual capital. The use of intellectual implies the deployment of human resources, cultivation technology, business strategy and employees participation in rewrite to transfer the imperative experiences acro ss the caller-up (Beinurn & larches, 2011). The preventive is on recognize with distinct roles for such transfer to happen. The responsibility of facilitating this information sharing can be Herculean since it needs the buy in of the said individual and also the capability to teach others.Conclusion The pizzaz of todays homo such as high customer expectations, calls for organizations to stay abreast with changes in technology and organic evolution of modern competitive ideas, with a workforce that has the skills and knowledge to adapt these changes. This concept of intellectual capital which promotes creativity and innovation is attractive to modern day organizations because of the value it brings in comparison to the competition. The saying that knowledge is might is indeed manifested with various mechanisms been put in place by organizations to enrich heir workforce to stay ahead of the game.Intellectual CapitalThe end of the twentieth entry Is associated with the birth off refreshing prognosis on nature and science, that brings people a small-minded closer to nature, a science that makes human knowledge and creatively an expression of a fundamental motion In the universe. Taking Into account this new stead on the economy and on the society that Is based on knowledge, professor Quash from London instill of Economics says that we live in a world that focuses on the economic value of intangible assets. This way, ideas worth billions, while the products still cost less.The society of the third base millennium has employees who are valuable because of theirs knowledge. I n many of these companies, the value does not consist of tangible assets, but of the intangible ones. Intellectual capital is the combined intangible assets which enable the connection to function in effect Judging from the information already abided, the essay focuses on the role of intellectual capital in the new economy. I chose this topic because we are witnesses to the fa ct that the societal organization and dynamic processes of riches extension are ever-changing dramatically.In such an environment traditional methods are Inadequate, therefore I think that It Is Interesting but at the name time vital to find new methods. Not least what Is Important from my point of scenery is that people are regarded as the main resource in all sectors, which means 2. Definition of intellectual capital Since organizational knowledge is at the crux of the matter of sustainable competitive advantage, the burgeoning field of intellectual capital is an exciting area for both exploreers and practitioners.Intellectual capital is conceptualized from many disciplines making the field a mosaic of perspectives. Accountants are interested in how to measure it on the equilibrium sheet, information technologists take to codify it n systems, sociologists want to balance power with it, psychologists want to develop minds because of it, human resource managers want to calc ulate an ROI on it, and training and development officers want to make sure that they can build it .Intellectual capital is knowledge that can be exploited for some money-making or other useable purpose. The term combines the idea of the intellect or brain-power with the economic concept of capital, the saving of entitled benefits so that they can be invested in producing more goods and work.Intellectual capital can include he skills and knowledge that a company has developed about how to make its goods or services individual employees or groups of employees whose knowledge is deemed critical to a companys continued success and its aggregation of documents about processes, customers, research results, and other information that might have value for a competitor that is not common knowledge Some people mistake intellectual capital for nerds in a think-tank.Others confuse it with intellectual seat (such as copyrights, patents and the like), which is actually merely a subset of inte llectual capital. To get a better sense of where the companies are heading to, we need to have a elemental understanding of where they started and what forces are propelling change today. And indeed we need to keep our vision set on the path ahead. Although it has been approximately forever, intellectual capital was not identified as a key asset until a few years ago.In 1994, fortune carried several stories about intellectual capital (brainpower) based on pioneering efforts going on then in both the United States and Scandinavia. These articles helped generate awareness of intellectual capital in the mainstream of U. S. Business. Little by little several companies become interested on this topic and from all of them the representative is Canadians the largest insurance company in Sweden which, with the help of the first director of intellectual capital in the world, Life Dividends, developed a dynamic model and holistic reporting intellectual capital called Navigator.Under thi s model, intellectual capital was divided into human capital and geomorphologic capital as in the below draw The components of intellectual capital are specify as follows humane Capital The stock of competences, knowledge and genius attributes embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value. It is the attributes gained by a worker through education and experience . Many early economic theories refer to it scarcely as workforce, one of three factors of production, and consider it to be a fungible resource homogeneous and easy interchangeable.Other conceptions of labor dispense with these assumptions. Structural Capital experience means that remain in the organization when human capital is not taken into account. Is the knowledge that remains in the organization when people go legal residence. The structural capital includes organizational capital and market capital. Unlike human capital, it may be display case to trade. Commercial Capital It is t he value resulting from the relations amongst the company and its customers. Organizational Capital It includes the capacity of the organization under the form of hardware, software, databases, organizational structures, patents, trademarks and any other capacity of the organization that helps individuals sizing productivity by transmission and exchange of knowledge. Process Capital It is correspond by processes, activities and infrastructures use to create, exchange and transmission of knowledge that helps individuals sizing productivity of an organization. Innovative Capital This component of the intellectual capital reflects the ability of an organization and the original investments for business development research and development, patents, trademarks. Between these components, the most all-important(prenominal) is represented by human capital. 4. Human Capital Basically, human capital is divided into educational capital (skills acquired by individuals in the training scho ol, but outside it) and biological capital (physical abilities of individuals, summarized, usually by health condition).This type of capital caused difficulties because the experts did not know how to treat it as an investment or cost. In general, it has been imposed the treatment of human capital as an investment because the abilities of human capital can be used practically any time, depending on the social and economic environment in which individuals can development (refresher courses or continuing education, for example) or maintain the capital stock (regular medical consultations, for example) . 5. Effects upon economyIn order to understand the effect the intellectual capital has upon economy lets take the example of an English relatively large company which was expected to raise some 2. Ban pound sterling. Although cherished about six-times larger than Body Shop and significantly bigger than Dioxins (a British electrical retail giant), the company had no retail outlets, no factories, no physical products and few staff. The business was altogether weightless. Its products could be trim to a number of computer signals which could be flashed around the world for hundreds of millions of people to buy.It was a classic example of intellectual capital, an idea. Called locution One, it was owned by Bernie Collections. The motive the idea was so valuable was that it regularly attracted about mm ABACI viewers worldwide. But intellectual capital is not wholly big ideas like Formula One. It is also millions of relatively small innovations which contribute to wealth and economic growth. Such capital will provide the future wealth of nations because inter guinea pig trade will increasingly be in intellectual capital.Alan Greenshank, lead of the US Federal Reserve Board, recently pointed out that the weight of US output is now only little higher than it was a century ago but its value in real terms is 20 times higher. Although increased skills and a gaffe to s ervice industries are part of the story, much of the weightless portion of this trade can be defined as intellectual capital. Specialists sustain that future wealth creation and economic growth predominantly will depend on intellectual capital the generation of ideas which can be transformed into revenues..The element discussed is interested in recent economic, managerial, technological, and sociological developments in a manner previously unknown and largely unforeseen. Whether these developments are viewed through the filter of the information society, the knowledge-based economy, the network society, or innovation, there is much to support the assertion that ICC is slavish in the determination of enterprise value and national economic performance To suggest that prosperity no longer depends on building physical capital is not new.Indeed, much of the value of large knowledge-intensive corporations already stems from their patents which are potential intellectual capital viewed as economic goods. The importance of intellectual capital has been ender-emphasizes in business education. Once the necessary clarifications on the depression of intellectual capital have been made , it is necessary to emphasize the connection between it and the strategy of the organization. An important note is that the availability of some resources is vital to achieving the strategic goals of the organization.Briefly economists sustain that the strategy defines what kind of intellectual capital is required and the nature of intellectual capital defines happy directions of the strategy that the organization should take. Moreover it has to be mentioned that the advantage. This is wherefore when it is released a strategy, it is important to know what valuable resources of intellectual capital are available, which are currently used, which are potential uses . 6.Uses of intellectual capital Intellectual capital is used -to facilitate the formulation of strategy -to assess strategy execution -to assist in formulating decisions for variegation or expansion of the company -to be used as the basis for compensation -to be communicated to external shareholders In conclusion properly managed, intellectual assets can reduce costs, place inventories with information, eliminate the need for pricey physical plant and improve corporate agility.